ABSTRACT This article focuses on the contradictions that exist between economic development and gender equity in India. It deploys concepts of cultural violence and symbolic hegemony to understand how gender and caste-based violence is normalized and institutionalized over time through cultural norms. It also uses an intersectional lens to examine the layers of marginalization and oppression. Based on field studies in rural Bihar, it shows that despite development gains, old forms of gender-based discrimination and violence such as son-preference, dowry, witch-hunting, and discriminatory practices associated with menstruation persist. It notes that there are new forms of violence used by the upper caste groups against the lower ones when the latter resist and refuse to continue performing traditional caste-based tasks. We argue that this refusal by lower caste women can be seen as symbolic resistance against historically defined norms of caste. The emerging patterns of violence discussed in the paper need a more concerted and nuanced exploration of reconfigurations of relations within and between caste groups, as well as the cultural and social contexts in which changes are taking place.

中文翻译：

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印度比哈尔邦农村的妇女、发展、种姓和暴力

摘要 本文关注印度经济发展与性别平等之间存在的矛盾。它运用了文化暴力和象征霸权的概念，以了解性别和基于种姓的暴力如何通过文化规范随着时间的推移而正常化和制度化。它还使用交叉镜头来检查边缘化和压迫的层次。根据对比哈尔邦农村的实地研究，它表明，尽管取得了发展，但基于性别的歧视和暴力的旧形式，如重男轻女、嫁妆、猎巫和与月经有关的歧视性做法仍然存在。它指出，当低种姓抵制并拒绝继续执行基于种姓的传统任务时，高种姓群体会对低种姓群体使用新的暴力形式。我们认为，低种姓女性的这种拒绝可以被视为对历史上定义的种姓规范的象征性抵抗。本文讨论的新兴暴力模式需要对种姓群体内部和种姓群体之间的关系重新配置，以及发生变化的文化和社会背景进行更协调、更细致的探索。