Hydrogen is a carbon-free clean energy and a potential fuel to mitigate CO₂ emission in ironmaking blast furnaces (BFs) where the co-injection of hydrogen/coal is one of the most promising and feasible technologies. In this article, a 3D steady-state industrial-scale CFD model is improved and used for investigating the co-injection of hydrogen/coal in BFs. The model involves gas–particle-solid flow, heat and mass transfer related to the chemical reactions of hydrogen, coal and coke. This model has been validated against the measurements in terms of gas distribution, temperature and burnout. Several injection schemes of the co-injection of hydrogen/coal are designed under the conditions of constant bosh gas volume. The typical in-furnace phenomena, including the interaction between hydrogen and coal, are described, and the effects of the hydrogen injection rate on the co-injection of hydrogen/coal are analyzed. The simulation results indicate that hydrogen combustion enhances the devolatilization of coal, but hinders the volatiles combustion. It is found that, as the hydrogen rate increases, the raceway volume-averaged temperature increases and the raceway peak temperature increases and then decreases; both the raceway surface-averaged burnout and final burnout increase. Such different responses of them to hydrogen injection rates indicate the importance of 3D modeling study. In addition, the higher hydrogen injection rate increases the molar fraction of reducing gas components (H₂ and CO) in the coke bed. The model provides a cost-effective tool for the design, optimization and industrialization of the co-injection of hydrogen and coal.

氢是一种无碳清洁能源，也是一种潜在的减少 CO _{2 的}燃料炼铁高炉 (BF) 中的排放，其中氢/煤的共注入是最有前途和最可行的技术之一。在本文中，改进了 3D 稳态工业规模 CFD 模型，并将其用于研究高炉中氢/煤的共注入。该模型涉及与氢、煤和焦炭的化学反应相关的气体-颗粒-固体流动、热量和质量传递。该模型已针对气体分布、温度和燃尽方面的测量进行了验证。在炉气体积不变的条件下，设计了几种氢煤混注方案。描述了典型的炉内现象，包括氢和煤之间的相互作用，并分析了注氢速率对氢/煤共注的影响。模拟结果表明，氢气燃烧促进了煤的脱挥发分，但阻碍了挥发分的燃烧。发现随着氢气速率的增加，滚道体积平均温度升高，滚道峰值温度先升高后降低；滚道表面平均燃尽和最终燃尽都会增加。它们对氢气注入速率的这种不同反应表明 3D 建模研究的重要性。此外，较高的氢气注入速率增加了还原气体组分（H 滚道体积平均温度升高，滚道峰值温度先升后降；滚道表面平均燃尽和最终燃尽都会增加。它们对氢气注入速率的这种不同反应表明 3D 建模研究的重要性。此外，较高的氢气注入速率增加了还原气体组分（H 滚道体积平均温度升高，滚道峰值温度先升后降；滚道表面平均燃尽和最终燃尽都会增加。它们对氢气注入速率的这种不同反应表明 3D 建模研究的重要性。此外，较高的氢气注入速率增加了还原气体组分（H₂和 CO) 在焦床中。该模型为氢煤共喷的设计、优化和工业化提供了一种具有成本效益的工具。