We mimicked daily fluctuations in temperature to examine whether the magnitude of the incubation temperature fluctuation affected the immunity of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) hatchlings. The control incubation temperature was 29℃. Two of the temperatures used (29℃ ± 3℃ and 29℃ ± 5℃) were within the optimal range of the turtle's constant incubation temperature, and one (29℃ ± 9℃) was outside of this range. Data on hatching success, incubation period, and weight of the turtle hatchlings were collected. The incubation period and hatchling weight were significantly affected by temperature fluctuation, whereas the hatching success was not. After two months, the effect of the temperature fluctuation on hatchling weight was much more pronounced. After challenging hatchlings with pathogens, the hatchlings from the extremely fluctuating incubation temperature group were feeble. To explore the molecular changes of immunity associated with incubation temperature, serum lysozyme, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, and seven immune-related genes were examined in two-month-old turtles. Before pathogen infection, serum lysozyme activities were lower in turtles that experienced fluctuating temperature, and serum acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were higher in turtles exposed at 29℃ ± 3℃ and 29℃ ± 5℃. After pathogen challenge, lysozyme responded to the pathogen infection in 12 h, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were lower at 12 and 48 h in all four groups. Although the expression of the seven immune-related genes was not affected before the bacterial challenge, they were upregulated after the bacterial challenge in all four groups.

中文翻译：

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孵化温度波动幅度影响中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)幼龟免疫力

我们模拟了每天的温度波动，以检查孵化温度波动的幅度是否影响中华鳖（Pelodiscus sinensis）的免疫力) 雏鸟。对照培养温度为29℃。使用的两种温度（29℃±3℃和29℃±5℃）在海龟恒定孵化温度的最佳范围内，一种（29℃±9℃）在这个范围之外。收集了有关孵化成功率、孵化期和海龟幼龟重量的数据。孵化期和孵化体重受温度波动的影响显着，而孵化成功率则没有。两个月后，温度波动对孵化体重的影响更加明显。用病原体攻击幼体后，孵化温度极度波动组的幼体身体虚弱。探索与孵育温度、血清溶菌酶、酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性相关的免疫分子变化，在两个月大的海龟中检查了七个免疫相关基因。病原体感染前，温度波动的龟血清溶菌酶活性较低，暴露于29℃±3℃和29℃±5℃的龟血清酸和碱性磷酸酶活性较高。病原体攻击后，溶菌酶在 12 小时内对病原体感染作出反应，所有四组的酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性在 12 和 48 小时均较低。尽管在细菌攻击之前，七个免疫相关基因的表达没有受到影响，但在所有四组中，它们在细菌攻击后都被上调了。暴露于29℃±3℃和29℃±5℃的海龟血清酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性较高。病原体攻击后，溶菌酶在 12 小时内对病原体感染作出反应，所有四组的酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性在 12 和 48 小时均较低。尽管在细菌攻击之前，七个免疫相关基因的表达没有受到影响，但在所有四组中，它们在细菌攻击后都被上调了。暴露于29℃±3℃和29℃±5℃的海龟血清酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性较高。病原体攻击后，溶菌酶在 12 小时内对病原体感染作出反应，所有四组的酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性在 12 和 48 小时均较低。尽管在细菌攻击之前，七个免疫相关基因的表达没有受到影响，但在所有四组中，它们在细菌攻击后都被上调了。