Biologists have long been intrigued by apparently predictable and repetitive evolutionary trajectories inferred across a variety of lineages and systems. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing analyses have started to transform our understanding of such repetitive shifts. While researchers have traditionally categorized such shifts as either “convergent” or “parallel,” based on relatedness of the lineages involved, emerging genomic insights provide an opportunity to better describe the actual evolutionary mechanisms at play. A synthesis of recent genomic analyses confirms that convergence is the predominant driver of repetitive evolution among species, whereas repeated sorting of standing variation is the major driver of repeated shifts within species. However, emerging data reveal numerous notable exceptions to these expectations, with recent examples of de novo mutations underpinning convergent shifts among even very closely related lineages, while repetitive sorting processes have occurred among even deeply divergent taxa, sometimes via introgression. A number of very recent analyses have found evidence for both processes occurring on different scales within taxa. We suggest that the relative importance of convergent versus sorting processes depends on the interplay between gene flow among populations, and phylogenetic relatedness of the lineages involved.

中文翻译：

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重新发明轮子？重新评估基因流动、排序和收敛在重复进化中的作用

长期以来，生物学家一直对在各种谱系和系统中推断出的明显可预测和重复的进化轨迹很感兴趣。近年来，高通量测序分析已经开始改变我们对这种重复变化的理解。虽然研究人员传统上根据所涉及谱系的相关性将此类转变分类为“趋同”或“平行”，但新兴的基因组见解提供了更好地描述实际进化机制的机会。最近的基因组分析的综合证实，趋同是物种间重复进化的主要驱动力，而对常设变异的重复排序是物种内重复变化的主要驱动力。然而，新出现的数据揭示了这些预期的许多显着例外，从头突变支持甚至非常密切相关的谱系之间的收敛转变，而在甚至非常不同的分类群中也发生了重复的排序过程，有时通过基因渗入。最近的一些分析发现，这两种过程都发生在分类群内的不同规模上。我们认为收敛与排序过程的相对重要性取决于种群之间的基因流和所涉及谱系的系统发育相关性之间的相互作用。