Abstract Housing has been one of the defining issues of our times. Enabling strategies were implemented to address the housing challenges over the past decade with limited success. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of government-led large-scale programmes to provide low-income housing. New networks of collaborations have created new rules and shifted boundaries to achieve scale. In India, Pradhanmantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) aims to build 20 million new units by 2022. Likewise in Brazil, Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV) was launched to deliver millions of affordable homes. This paper argues that the emergence of state-led housing means the value of enabling has not been supplanted but supplemented, as the shift does not herald the end of enabling strategy but a renewed commitment to the expansion of enabling principles where the state is an active agent. The state-led housing development is creating and formalising new areas of market engagement, and is far less radical and transformative than is assumed. State housing programmes such as MCMV and PMAY are inevitability highly profitable transactions, advantageous to the economy and housing markets and come at a point when profiteering and resource-extracting neoliberalism is at its zenith.

中文翻译：

---

巴西和印度国家主导的住房开发：实施战略的机制？

摘要 住房一直是我们这个时代的决定性问题之一。在过去十年中，为解决住房挑战而实施的扶持战略取得了有限的成功。近年来，政府主导的提供低收入住房的大型项目重新兴起。新的合作网络创造了新的规则并转移了边界以实现规模化。在印度，Pradhanmantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) 的目标是到 2022 年建造 2000 万套新单位。同样在巴西，推出 Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV) 以提供数百万套经济适用房。本文认为，国家主导的住房的出现意味着赋能的价值没有被取代，而是被补充，因为这种转变并不预示着扶持战略的终结，而是重新承诺在国家是积极代理人的情况下扩大扶持性原则。国家主导的住房开发正在创造和规范新的市场参与领域，远没有想象的那么激进和变革。MCMV 和 PMAY 等国家住房计划是不可避免的高利润交易，有利于经济和住房市场，并且正值暴利和资源开采新自由主义达到顶峰时。