This paper analyzes a classification of different types of demonstration introduced by Alfarabi (d. 950 CE) in his Kitāb al-Burhān (Book of Demonstration). Alfarabi identifies eight combinations of demonstrative syllogisms, grouped in function of the different types of per se relations expressed by their premises and conclusions, where terms are definitionally connected with one another. The list contains a total of thirty-nine moods illustrated by a rich array of examples drawn from various scientific disciplines, including arithmetic, geometry, and natural philosophy. The combinations and moods are discussed extensively by Averroes (d. 1198 CE) in the section of his Epitome of the Organon devoted to the Posterior Analytics and in his Quaesita on logic. Alfarabi’s classification also possibly inspired a simplified taxonomical effort in Avicenna’s (d. 1037 CE) Kitāb al-Burhān.

中文翻译：

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阿尔法拉比的各种示范

本文分析了 Alfarabi（公元 950 年）在他的 Kitāb al-Burhān（示范书）中介绍的不同类型示范的分类。阿尔法拉比确定了论证三段论的八种组合，根据它们的前提和结论所表达的不同类型的自身关系的功能分组，其中术语在定义上相互关联。该列表共包含 39 种情绪，并通过来自不同科学学科（包括算术、几何和自然哲学）的丰富示例进行了说明。Averroes (d. 1198 CE) 在他的关于后验分析的 Epitome of the Organon 部分和他关于逻辑的 Quaesita 部分中广泛讨论了这些组合和情绪。