Disability is a socially constructed experience of physical, mental, cognitive, sensory, and developmental conditions resulting from injury, illness, or aging. In the United States, the women’s and civil rights movements paved the way to asserting disability identity, rights, and pride. The use of self-claimed, identity-first language—Sick (chronically ill), Mad (psychiatrically disabled or mentally ill), Autistic, Disabled, and Deaf people—signifies social, cultural, and political affiliation with disability culture and its subcultures. The need to bond over shared experiences—such as being subjected to stereotypes, possessing knowledge about pain mitigation, managing microaggression, and developing resilience and resistance against ableism—continues to drive the formation of disability culture. However, the stigma and shame associated with disability and the pressure to overcome have caused many disabled people to maintain their distance from those who identify as disabled; still others may not associate their impairment or illness with disability. Disability studies emerged in the 1990s as a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary field that examines how disability has been defined and constructed through history, culture, economics, politics, technology, and the arts. By foregrounding a social model of disability, it counters the deficit-oriented, individualistic focus of the medical model and instead calls out the environmental, attitudinal, and systemic barriers that undermine the rights, access, and empowerment of people with disabilities. Critical disability studies further examines power, privilege, and oppression in relation to bodily and mental norms and extends beyond the academy to seek social transformation through grassroots activism. Contrary to traditional academia, which privileges white, middle and upper class, non-disabled people—who have access to education and the associated right to express themselves and be listened to—critical disability studies has worked to decolonize knowledge production and pedagogy by including work by activists and artists with marginalized identities and lived experience of disability.

中文翻译：

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艺术治疗和残疾研究

残疾是由于受伤、疾病或衰老导致的身体、心理、认知、感官和发育状况的社会建构体验。在美国，妇女和民权运动为维护残疾人身份、权利和自豪感铺平了道路。使用自称、身份至上的语言——Sick（慢性病）、Mad（精神残疾或精神病）、自闭症、残疾人和聋人——表示与残疾文化及其亚文化的社会、文化和政治联系。对共同经历的联系需求——例如受到刻板印象、掌握减轻疼痛的知识、管理微攻击以及培养对残障人士的适应能力和抵抗力——继续推动残疾文化的形成。然而，与残疾相关的污名和耻辱以及克服的压力导致许多残疾人与那些被认定为残疾人的人保持距离；还有一些人可能不会将他们的损害或疾病与残疾联系起来。残疾研究出现在 1990 年代，是一个多学科和跨学科领域，研究如何通过历史、文化、经济、政治、技术和艺术来定义和构建残疾。通过突出残疾的社会模式，它反驳了医疗模式以赤字为导向的个人主义关注点，而是指出了破坏残疾人权利、获取和赋权的环境、态度和系统障碍。严重残疾研究进一步检验了权力、特权、和与身体和精神规范有关的压迫，并延伸到学院之外，通过草根激进主义寻求社会变革。与传统的学术界相比，白人、中上层和上层阶级、非残疾人——他们有机会接受教育和相关的表达自己和被倾听的权利——相反，批判性残疾研究致力于通过将工作纳入知识生产和教学法来实现非殖民化由具有边缘化身份和残疾经历的活动家和艺术家组成。