The genesis for this special issue took form in May 2016 at a conference about criminology and criminal justice research in Nordic countries, but with focus on Finland, in Reykjavik, Iceland. During dinner with two Finnish colleagues, Elsa Saarikkomäki and Petri Danielsson, from the Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy at the University of Helsinki, one thing led to another and before long we decided to consider a collection of articles for a special issue in this journal. After a thorough review process, 8 of the original 12 manuscripts that were submitted were accepted for publication. I am pleased to bring you this special issue on crime and criminal justice in Finland. Historically, criminology and the study of crime and punishment were widely undertaken and recorded in the law and medical schools of the Nordic countries of Scandinavia. In the early 1960s, Nils Christie (1961) noted that the focus on criminology as a discipline in Scandinavia emerged and took shape along the European traditions. Yet, criminology in the Nordic countries was bound closely to the unique cultural and philosophical orientations of the region. Aromaa (2000) notes that the Scandinavian welfare state model created certain contexts that influenced and shaped the study of crime and, consequently, criminal policy. Thus, Scandinavian countries have been characterized by relatively low prisoner rates, use of alternative sentences, and the emphasis on social sector and social policy in preventing crime (Lappi-Seppälä, 2012a). In the 1960’s, criminology in Scandinavia emerged as an academic field with close ties to sociology and sociology of law. Finland, however, followed a different approach, as the universities in Finland had little interest in criminology as a separate discipline (Lappi-Seppälä & Tonry, 2011). In 1963, the Institute of Criminology was established in Helsinki by the Ministry of Justice (Lappi-Seppälä, 2012b), which set the tone for a slow, gradual expansion of interest in the field. The establishment of the European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI), which operated within the framework of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Program to serve as a link to a network of research institutes, further boosted the interest and flow of resources into the study of crime and criminal justice in Finland. Recently, there has been an institutional movement from government to academia, which culminated in 2015, when the governmental research institute was transferred to the University of Helsinki. All in all, the contemporary field has become more pluralized, and various universities have taken a renewed interest in the study of crime and punishment. This special issue draws attention to the scholarship of emerging and established scholars in criminology in Finland and the diversity in scope of the field in Finland. The issue begins with Miika Vuorela’s description of Finland’s criminal justice system with focus on historical data since 1842 analysing long-term data trends of homicide, assault, rape, defamation, prison population, and penal severity. Vuorela sets the framework for this paper by juxtaposing Finland’s records within the context of other Scandinavian countries but drawing closer comparisons with Sweden because of their historical and cultural connections. The paper provides a comprehensive introduction to crime, punishment, and criminal justice history in Finland. Though Vuorela’s paper is not structured to draw conclusions from the historical data, it opens the door for new questions to be pursued for future research. The second article is focused on the upshot of a new legislation enacted in 2011 where Finnish police were legally obligated to record and investigate all forms of domestic violence occurring in close relationships. The objective of this new legislation was to minimise discretion from the point of view of both the victim as well as the police, which, in turn, could help reduce

中文翻译：

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特刊前言：芬兰的犯罪与刑事司法

2016 年 5 月，在冰岛雷克雅未克举行的关于北欧国家犯罪学和刑事司法研究的会议上，这一特刊的起源形成了，但重点是芬兰。在与赫尔辛基大学犯罪学和法律政策研究所的两位芬兰同事 Elsa Saarikkomäki 和 Petri Danielsson 共进晚餐时，一件事导致另一件事，不久我们决定考虑为本期刊的特刊收集文章. 经过彻底的审查过程，最初提交的 12 篇手稿中有 8 篇被接受出版。我很高兴为您带来这个关于芬兰犯罪和刑事司法的特刊。历史上，斯堪的纳维亚北欧国家的法律和医学院广泛开展并记录了犯罪学和犯罪与惩罚的研究。在 1960 年代初期，尼尔斯·克里斯蒂 (Nils Christie) (1961) 指出，斯堪的纳维亚对犯罪学作为一门学科的关注是随着欧洲传统而出现并形成的。然而，北欧国家的犯罪学与该地区独特的文化和哲学取向密切相关。Aromaa (2000) 指出，斯堪的纳维亚福利国家模式创造了某些影响和塑造犯罪研究的背景，从而影响和塑造了犯罪政策。因此，斯堪的纳维亚国家的特点是囚犯比率相对较低，使用替代刑罚，并强调预防犯罪的社会部门和社会政策（Lappi-Seppälä，2012a）。在 1960 年代，斯堪的纳维亚的犯罪学成为一个与社会学和法律社会学有着密切联系的学术领域。然而，芬兰采取了不同的做法，因为芬兰的大学对作为一门独立学科的犯罪学兴趣不大（Lappi-Seppälä & Tonry，2011 年）。1963 年，司法部在赫尔辛基成立了犯罪学研究所（Lappi-Seppälä，2012b），这为对该领域的兴趣缓慢、逐渐扩大奠定了基调。欧洲预防和控制犯罪研究所（HEUNI）的成立，该研究所在联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案的框架内运作，作为研究机构网络的纽带，进一步促进了资源的兴趣和流动进入芬兰的犯罪和刑事司法研究。最近，出现了从政府到学术界的制度性运动，并在 2015 年达到高潮，当政府研究所转移到赫尔辛基大学时。总而言之，当代领域变得更加多元化，各大学对犯罪和惩罚的研究重新产生了兴趣。本期特刊引起了人们对芬兰犯罪学新兴和成熟学者的学术研究以及芬兰该领域范围的多样性的关注。本期始于 Miika Vuorela 对芬兰刑事司法系统的描述，重点关注自 1842 年以来的历史数据，分析了凶杀、袭击、强奸、诽谤、监狱人口和刑事严重程度的长期数据趋势。Vuorela 通过将芬兰的记录与其他斯堪的纳维亚国家的背景并列，但由于瑞典的历史和文化联系而与瑞典进行更密切的比较，从而为本文设定了框架。该论文全面介绍了芬兰的犯罪、惩罚和刑事司法历史。尽管 Vuorela 的论文结构不是为了从历史数据中得出结论，但它为未来研究的新问题打开了大门。第二篇文章侧重于 2011 年颁布的一项新立法的结果，根据该立法，芬兰警察在法律上有义务记录和调查发生在亲密关系中的所有形式的家庭暴力。这项新立法的目的是从受害者和警察的角度最大限度地减少自由裁量权，反过来，