In “Scientific Realism and the Issue of Variability in Behavior,” J. F. Arocha (2021) proposes a (hylo)-realist method of studying behaviour and consciousness. Arocha adopts the thesis that reality consists of concrete (determinate) things, is orderly and lawful, and that it has an emergent character. I propose that furthering the critical power of the realist position requires the adoption of the thesis that human societies also have emergent properties and are determined by historically specific laws.

中文翻译：

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科学实在论和意识的历史出现

在“科学现实主义和行为可变性问题”中，JF Arocha (2021) 提出了一种研究行为和意识的（hylo）现实主义方法。Arocha 采用的论点是，现实由具体的（确定的）事物组成，是有序的和合法的，并且具有涌现的特征。我建议，要进一步增强现实主义立场的批判力量，需要采纳这样一个论点，即人类社会也具有涌现的属性，并由历史特定的规律所决定。