Although German mothers’ labor force participation has increased in recent decades, German men’s participation in domestic labor has not increased proportionally. Thus, mothers still face a “double burden.” We analyzed the total time parents spent on childcare and on various particular activities, such as learning with children, playing with children, basic childcare, talking with children, managing children’s activities, and reading with children. We identified a very slow gender convergence in childcare patterns in Germany over the last two decades. However, as in other Western countries, German parents’ division of childcare remains unequal; mothers do much more routine care and spend more time overall on care than fathers.

中文翻译：

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两个十年来德国父母育儿模式的稳定性和变化

尽管近几十年来德国母亲的劳动力参与率有所增加，但德国男性参与家务劳动并没有成比例地增加。因此，妈妈们仍然面临着“双重负担”。我们分析了父母花在育儿和各种特定活动上的总时间，例如与孩子一起学习、与孩子一起玩耍、基本的育儿、与孩子交谈、管理孩子的活动以及与孩子一起阅读。我们发现，在过去的二十年里，德国儿童保育模式的性别趋同非常缓慢。然而，与其他西方国家一样，德国父母的育儿分工仍然不平等；母亲比父亲做更多的日常护理，总体上花更多的时间在护理上。