Objective

To identify and describe phenotypes related to kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance, and pain catastrophizing, and determine clinical and demographic characteristics related to each phenotype as a function of self-reported function of the upper limbs in individuals with shoulder pain.

Methods

One hundred and seventy-seven individuals with shoulder pain participated in this study. Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), Numerical Pain of Rating Scale, and the angular onset of pain during the elevation of the arm were measured in all participants. A cluster analysis was performed considering kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance, and pain catastrophizing, then clinical and demographic characteristics of clusters were used to model individual's chance to belong to one of the clusters as a function of DASH.

Results

Two clusters were identified based on kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance, and pain catastrophizing. The cluster with worse pain-related fear profile presented (p < 0.05) higher age, worse function, and higher pain intensity. This same cluster was also associated with involvement of the dominant side (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.41) and worse function (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94, 0.98).

Conclusion

This study identified that individuals with worse pain-related fear profile were older, with worse function, and higher pain intensity. Worse function and involvement of the dominant side were associated with the phenotype with a worse pain-related fear condition.

中文翻译：

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疼痛相关的恐惧表型与肩痛患者的上肢功能有关

客观的

识别和描述与运动恐惧症、恐惧回避和疼痛灾难化相关的表型，并确定与每个表型相关的临床和人口统计学特征，作为肩痛个体上肢自我报告功能的函数。

方法

177 名肩痛患者参与了这项研究。坦帕运动恐惧症量表、恐惧回避信念问卷、疼痛灾难性量表、手臂残疾、肩部和手部问卷 (DASH)、评定量表的数值疼痛和手臂抬高期间疼痛的角度发作被测量参与者。考虑到运动恐惧症、恐惧回避和疼痛灾难化，进行了聚类分析，然后使用聚类的临床和人口统计学特征来模拟个体作为 DASH 函数属于其中一个聚类的机会。

结果

基于运动恐惧症、恐惧回避和疼痛灾难化确定了两个集群。具有更严重的疼痛相关恐惧特征的集群呈现出（p < 0.05）更高的年龄、更差的功能和更高的疼痛强度。同样的集群也与主要侧（OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.41）和较差功能（OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94, 0.98）的参与有关。

结论

这项研究发现，与疼痛相关的恐惧状况更严重的人年龄更大，功能更差，疼痛强度更高。更糟糕的功能和优势侧的参与与更严重的疼痛相关恐惧状况的表型相关。