Aim

The EQ-5D is a generic measure of health that is widely applied for health economic and non-economic purposes. Population norms can be used to facilitate the interpretation of EQ-5D data. The objective of this study was to develop a set of pooled normative EQ-5D-3L values for the five largest European economies (EUR5).

Methods

EQ-5D-3L index values based on the time trade-off (TTO) were available for all EUR5 countries (n = 21,425): France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom (UK). Country-specific data sets were aggregated and weighted to facilitate the derivation of norms for gender and age groups. Analyses included equal weighting and weighting by population and economy size. Norms were also calculated using the European visual analog scale-based value set (European VAS), the EQ VAS and separately by dimension.

Results

Pooled mean (SD) population weighted TTO values for males/females were 0.967 (0.122)/0.959 (0.118) for ages 18–24; 0.965 (0.096)/0.954 (0.117) for ages 25–34; 0.943 (0.165)/0.936 (0.169) for ages 35–44; 0.934 (0.150)/0.921 (0.157) for ages 45–54; 0.896 (0.188)/0.875 (0.197) for ages 55–64; 0.900 (0.158)/0.839 (0.218) for ages 65–74; and 0.830 (0.234)/0.756 (0.291) for ages 75 and older. Mean values decreased and variance increased with age; females had slightly lower mean values than males across all age bands. The unequal weighting approaches produced similar point estimates with smaller variances. Mean values for the European VAS were slightly lower than those for the TTO-based index.

Discussion

Normative EQ-5D-3L values can be used to benchmark the outcomes of treated patients against the health of the general population. EUR5 norms may be useful in research applications inferring to Europe or the European Union as a whole, particularly when sample size precludes analysis at the country level.

中文翻译：

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欧洲五个最大经济体 EQ-5D-3L 的一般人口标准数据

目的

EQ-5D 是一种通用的健康指标，广泛应用于健康经济和非经济目的。人口规范可用于促进 EQ-5D 数据的解释。本研究的目的是为五个最大的欧洲经济体 (EUR5) 制定一套汇总的规范性 EQ-5D-3L 值。

方法

基于时间权衡 (TTO) 的 EQ-5D-3L 指数值适用于所有 EUR5 国家 (n = 21,425)：法国、德国、意大利、西班牙和英国 (UK)。对特定国家的数据集进行汇总和加权，以促进性别和年龄组规范的推导。分析包括同等权重以及按人口和经济规模加权。规范还使用欧洲视觉模拟基于比例的值集（欧洲 VAS）、EQ VAS 并按维度单独计算。

结果

18-24 岁男性/女性的汇总平均 (SD) 人口加权 TTO 值为 0.967 (0.122)/0.959 (0.118)；25-34 岁为 0.965 (0.096)/0.954 (0.117)；35-44 岁为 0.943 (0.165)/0.936 (0.169)；45-54 岁为 0.934 (0.150)/0.921 (0.157)；55-64 岁为 0.896 (0.188)/0.875 (0.197)；65-74 岁为 0.900 (0.158)/0.839 (0.218)；75 岁及以上年龄为 0.830 (0.234)/0.756 (0.291)。随着年龄的增长，平均值减少，方差增加；在所有年龄段，女性的平均值略低于男性。不等权重方法产生具有较小方差的相似点估计。欧洲 VAS 的平均值略低于基于 TTO 的指数。

讨论

规范的 EQ-5D-3L 值可用于将治疗患者的结果与普通人群的健康状况进行对比。EUR5 规范在推断欧洲或整个欧盟的研究应用中可能很有用，特别是当样本量排除了国家层面的分析时。