In this Tutorial, surface and double charge exchange negative ion sources for producing negative ion beams of different ion species will be described. The need for negative ions as the beam particles of tandem Van de Graaf accelerators and that for charge exchange injection of hydrogen negative ions into high-energy proton accelerators requires the development of these ion sources, which are then enlarged to generate ampere level broad beams to heat up, after neutralization, the fusion experiment plasmas confined in magnetic field. The physical mechanisms leading to the formation of various negative ion species, such as hydrogen, helium, alkali metals, and halogens will be presented, and the ion source designs are analyzed based on the knowledge of fundamental processes related to negative ion formation and destruction. The use of negative ion sources in accelerators, nuclear fusion research, technology, and medicine will also be presented.

中文翻译：

---

负离子源

在本教程中，将描述用于产生不同离子种类的负离子束的表面和双电荷交换负离子源。需要将负离子作为串联范德格拉夫加速器的束流粒子，以及将氢负离子电荷交换注入高能质子加速器，需要开发这些离子源，然后将其放大以产生安培级宽束流以加热，中和后，聚变实验等离子体被限制在磁场中。将介绍导致各种负离子种类（如氢、氦、碱金属和卤素）形成的物理机制，并根据与负离子形成和破坏相关的基本过程知识分析离子源设计。