Procurement of aid material such as vaccines by a humanitarian agency (HA) is often fraught with uncertainties. For example, an epidemic outbreak can increase the demand for materials (such as vaccines) in a very short period. Most of the HAs depend on external donations (funding) to procure necessary vaccines to meet this demand. Hence, it is financially infeasible and operationally inefficient for the HA to procure large quantities of aid material in anticipation of a demand spike during an epidemic outbreak. Thus, the procurement processes for aid materials such as vaccines need to be flexible enough to meet these demand fluctuations. HAs can achieve this flexibility by employing a procurement mechanism portfolio that includes upfront buying, capacity reservation, spot market purchase, etc. However, the challenge lies in identifying the optimal combination of multiple procurement mechanisms and how they can be utilized to coordinate the humanitarian supply chain. In this study, we explore the feasibility of quantity flexibility contracts along with discount incentives combined with spot market procurement in humanitarian supply chains for aid material procurement. We also derive the conditions under which the contract can achieve systemic coordination between the supplier and HA. Furthermore, we also illustrate that under optimal conditions, the procurement of aid material using multiple procurement mechanisms by HA can also reduce the humanitarian supply chain’s total cost.

人道主义机构 (HA) 采购疫苗等援助材料通常充满不确定性。例如，一场流行病的爆发可以在很短的时间内增加对材料（如疫苗）的需求。大多数 HA 依靠外部捐赠（资金）来采购必要的疫苗以满足这一需求。因此，在流行病爆发期间预期需求激增，医管局采购大量援助物资在财政上不可行且运作效率低下。因此，疫苗等援助物资的采购流程需要足够灵活，以应对这些需求波动。HA 可以通过采用包括预购、产能预留、现货市场采购等在内的采购机制组合来实现这种灵活性。挑战在于确定多种采购机制的最佳组合以及如何利用它们来协调人道主义供应链。在这项研究中，我们探讨了在人道主义供应链中，将数量灵活性合同与折扣激励相结合的可行性，以进行援助物资采购。我们还推导出合同可以在供应商和 HA 之间实现系统协调的条件。此外，我们还说明，在最优条件下，医管局采用多种采购机制采购援助物资，也可以降低人道主义供应链的总成本。我们探索了数量灵活性合同以及折扣激励措施与人道主义供应链中的现货市场采购相结合的可行性，以用于援助物资采购。我们还推导出合同可以在供应商和 HA 之间实现系统协调的条件。此外，我们还说明，在最优条件下，医管局采用多种采购机制采购援助物资，也可以降低人道主义供应链的总成本。我们探索了数量灵活性合同以及折扣激励措施与人道主义供应链中的现货市场采购相结合的可行性，以用于援助物资采购。我们还推导出合同可以在供应商和 HA 之间实现系统协调的条件。此外，我们还说明，在最优条件下，医管局采用多种采购机制采购援助物资，也可以降低人道主义供应链的总成本。