In the densely forested Warmia and Masuria region (northern Poland) there are many small endorheic lakes characterized by their low sedimentation rate, which makes them excellent archives of Holocene environmental and palaeoclimatic change. Lake Młynek, located near the village of Janiki Wielkie, was selected for multi-faceted palaeoenvironmental research supported with radiocarbon dates. Sediments from this lake also contain unique information about human impact on the environment, because a stronghold has been operating on its northern shore since the early Iron Age to the early Medieval period, giving the opportunity to correlate palaeoenvironmental data with the phases of human activity over the last 2400 years. During the second and third centuries BCE the lake was surrounded by a dense deciduous forest. From the first century BCE to second century CE the forest around the lake was much reduced, which can be associated with the first pre-Roman (La Tène) and Roman occupation phase evidenced by the construction of the stronghold located close to the lake. From the second up to ninth century CE gradual restoration of the forest and a decline in human activity took place, along with lake deepening and the onset of a colder and humid climatic phase which corresponded to the global cooling episode known as the Bond 1 event (1.5 ka BP). The next intensive phase of forest clearing around the lake occurred between the 9th–13th century CE as result of human activity (Middle Age settlement phase of the stronghold). Whilst this period is marked by a warming, the human impact which has transformed the landscape likely overprints any signals of climate-driven environmental changes.

中文翻译：

---

波兰北部 Młynek 湖沉积物中记录的 2400 年气候和人为环境变化

在森林茂密的瓦尔米亚和马祖里地区（波兰北部），有许多内陆小湖，其沉积速率低，这使得它们成为全新世环境和古气候变化的绝佳档案。位于 Janiki Wielkie 村附近的 Młynek 湖被选为以放射性碳日期为支持的多方面古环境研究。这个湖的沉积物还包含有关人类对环境影响的独特信息，因为从铁器时代早期到中世纪早期，一个据点一直在其北岸运作，从而有机会将古环境数据与人类活动的各个阶段相关联。过去的 2400 年。在公元前二和三世纪，湖泊被茂密的落叶林所环绕。从公元前一世纪到公元二世纪，湖边的森林大大减少，这与第一个前罗马时代（La Tène）和罗马人占领阶段有关，这可以通过靠近湖边的堡垒的建设来证明。从公元 2 世纪到 9 世纪，森林逐渐恢复，人类活动减少，随着湖泊加深和更冷潮湿的气候阶段的开始，这与被称为邦德 1 事件的全球变冷事件相对应。 1.5 ka BP）。由于人类活动（要塞的中世纪定居阶段），湖周围森林的下一个密集清理阶段发生在公元 9 世纪至 13 世纪之间。虽然这个时期以变暖为标志，