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Why don't all species overexploit?
Oikos ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-14 , DOI: 10.1111/oik.08358
Katariina E. M. Vuorinen 1 , Tarja Oksanen 2, 3 , Lauri Oksanen 2, 3 , Timo Vuorisalo 3 , James D. M. Speed 1
Affiliation  

Overexploitation of natural resources is often viewed as a problem characteristic of only the human species. However, any species could evolve a capacity to overexploit its essential resources through natural selection and competition, even to the point of resource collapse. Here, we describe the processes that potentially lead to overexploitation and synthesize what is known about overexploitation limiters in other species. We propose that there are five pathways that counteract the evolutionary drive towards overexploitation and/or mitigate its consequences: top–down trophic control, interference, cost-efficiency tradeoffs, resource trait evolution, and spatial heterogeneity. These mechanisms constrain the number of exploiters and/or lower the rate of the resource usage at the individual level. We hypothesize that in ecosystems with reasonable functional diversity, coevolution strengthens this limiter network, preventing overexploitation, and thus argue that diversity begets stability via evolution. Violent population cycles in species-poor northern ecosystems and eruptions of invading alien species are exceptions that confirm this rule, because these ecosystems either lack functional diversity or there has not been enough time for coevolution to play out its stabilizing role. We propose that the overexploitation by our own species could be prevented via a network of socio-economical limiters that act in an analogous way.

中文翻译:

为什么不是所有物种都过度开发?

过度开发自然资源通常被视为人类特有的问题。然而,任何物种都可能进化出通过自然选择和竞争过度开发其基本资源的能力,甚至达到资源崩溃的程度。在这里,我们描述了可能导致过度开发的过程,并综合了有关其他物种过度开发限制因素的知识。我们提出有五种途径可以抵消过度开发的进化驱动和/或减轻其后果:自上而下的营养控制、干扰、成本效率权衡、资源特征进化和空间异质性。这些机制限制了开发者的数量和/或降低了个人级别的资源使用率。我们假设在具有合理功能多样性的生态系统中,共同进化加强了这个限制器网络,防止过度开发,因此认为多样性通过进化产生稳定性。物种贫乏的北方生态系统中的暴力人口循环和外来物种入侵的爆发是证实这一规则的例外,因为这些生态系统要么缺乏功能多样性,要么没有足够的时间让共同进化发挥其稳定作用。我们建议,可以通过以类似方式发挥作用的社会经济限制因素网络来防止我们自己物种的过度开发。物种贫乏的北方生态系统中的暴力人口循环和外来物种入侵的爆发是证实这一规则的例外,因为这些生态系统要么缺乏功能多样性,要么没有足够的时间让共同进化发挥其稳定作用。我们建议,可以通过以类似方式发挥作用的社会经济限制因素网络来防止我们自己物种的过度开发。物种贫乏的北方生态系统中的暴力人口循环和外来物种入侵的爆发是证实这一规则的例外,因为这些生态系统要么缺乏功能多样性,要么没有足够的时间让共同进化发挥其稳定作用。我们建议,可以通过以类似方式发挥作用的社会经济限制因素网络来防止我们自己物种的过度开发。
更新日期:2021-06-14
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