ABSTRACT This article has two components; a discussion of an Ireland-wide inventory of millstone quarries and a detailed regional case study in order to study the development of the millstone industry at both micro and macro levels. The first component highlights the use of certain stone types used in Ireland and also uniformity in methods to extract each specific type of bedrock. Factors determining the commercialisation of millstones are also addressed. This is followed by intensive field-based investigation focusing on millstone quarries in Waterford Harbour in the south-east of the country. Research questions concerning geology, transport, typology, what techniques were used to transform a ‘rough-out’ piece, and the role individual quarries and local people played in the overall industrialisation of millstone production are addressed.

中文翻译：

---

把石头变成面包：中世纪和后中世纪爱尔兰的磨石采石场

摘要本文有两个组成部分；讨论爱尔兰范围内的磨石采石场清单和详细的区域案例研究，以研究磨石行业在微观和宏观层面的发展。第一个部分重点介绍了爱尔兰使用的某些石头类型的使用，以及提取每种特定类型基岩的方法的一致性。还讨论了决定磨石商业化的因素。随后是密集的实地调查，重点是该国东南部沃特福德港的磨石采石场。涉及地质、运输、类型学、使用什么技术来改造“粗加工”块以及个别采石场和当地人在磨石生产的整体工业化中所起的作用等研究问题得到解决。