This paper traces the development of back-to-back house building in Leeds. It first outlines the origin of the house type, before examining the urban layout, building form and social aspects of back-to-back courts in the first half of the 19th century, and the role of speculative developers, building societies and sanitary reformers. The focus then turns to the bills, acts and by-laws of the later 19th and early 20th century, and the determination of the people of Leeds to retain their preferred house type. Together, these brought improvements to the design and facilities, culminating in a house type that was far superior to that which was condemned by the back-to-back critics, and arguably had overcome all of the criticisms by the time construction of back-to-backs was prohibited in 1909.

中文翻译：

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利兹背靠背住宅的起源、发展和衰落，1787-1937

本文追溯了利兹背靠背房屋建筑的发展。它首先概述了房屋类型的起源，然后考察了 19 世纪上半叶背靠背法院的城市布局、建筑形式和社会方面，以及投机开发商、建筑协会和卫生改革者的作用。然后重点转向 19 世纪后期和 20 世纪初期的法案、法案和附则，以及利兹人民保留其首选房屋类型的决心。这些共同为设计和设施带来了改进，最终形成了一种远优于背靠背批评者谴责的房屋类型，并且可以说在建造背靠背时已经克服了所有批评。 -backs 在 1909 年被禁止。