This is the second part of a special issue of the American Journal of Science examining a problem that defines, perhaps more than any other, the state-of-theart in the geochemistry of fluid-solid interaction: how to integrate data from both observations and modeling of events of brief duration at essentially atomic scales (for example, attachment, diffusion, detachment, hydrolysis), to that of mesoscale, ensemble processes (crystal dissolution, growth, alteration). The ultimate goal is an understanding of the long-term, phenomenological consequences of these interactions, often termed “upscaling”. Success in predicting and constraining these latter outcomes determines the larger value of this field, both to neighbors in environmental sciences and engineering, as well as to the public in terms of policy, education, and support. Nanoscale observation of mineral surfaces via instruments such as AFM and VSI is now widespread; increases in resolution and analytical capability of these instruments have also evolved in tandem with advances in the power and resolution of simulation and modeling approaches. Closely tied to an emerging theoretical framework, this “soft” progress in simulation and modeling was the focus of the first part of this issue. This special issue also marks the 60th birthday of Professor Andreas Lüttge. We have both worked extensively with Andreas throughout his career at Rice University and later at the University of Bremen. Despite (or perhaps because of) our diverse backgrounds, this collaboration has been extremely productive for all of us, and like many such rich interactions, also came about at the right place, and the right time. We are grateful for his drive, his direction — always keeping the ball in front

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前言

这是美国科学杂志特刊的第二部分，研究了一个问题，该问题可能比任何其他问题更能定义流固相互作用地球化学的最新进展：如何整合来自观测和对基本原子尺度（例如，附着、扩散、分离、水解）、中尺度、整体过程（晶体溶解、生长、改变）的短时间事件进行建模。最终目标是了解这些相互作用的长期现象学后果，通常称为“升级”。成功预测和约束这些后一种结果决定了该领域的更大价值，无论是对环境科学和工程领域的邻居，还是在政策、教育和支持方面的公众。通过 AFM 和 VSI 等仪器对矿物表面进行纳米级观察现在很普遍；这些仪器的分辨率和分析能力的提高也随着模拟和建模方法的能力和分辨率的进步而发展。与新兴的理论框架密切相关，模拟和建模方面的这种“软”进展是本期第一部分的重点。本期特刊也标志着 Andreas Lüttge 教授 60 岁生日。在 Andreas 在莱斯大学和后来的不来梅大学的整个职业生涯中，我们都与他进行了广泛的合作。尽管（或者可能是因为）我们有着不同的背景，但这种合作对我们所有人来说都非常富有成效，并且像许多如此丰富的互动一样，也是在正确的时间和地点进行的。