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On the accuracy of low-cost dual-frequency GNSS network receivers and reference data
GIScience & Remote Sensing ( IF 6.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-02 , DOI: 10.1080/15481603.2020.1822588
Michael E. Hodgson 1
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT The trend in spatial data accuracy has gone from meters to decimeters and even centimeter levels in the last two decades. In large part, the centimeter(s) level spatial accuracies of geospatial products result from the use of LiDAR data and both low altitude manned and unmanned aerial systems for imagery and for topographic and surface models. All these sources are dependent on high precision/accuracy GNSS technologies to achieve such accuracies. The cost of L1/L2 receivers capable of centimeter(s) level position accuracy has rapidly, in the last year, decreased from over $15k – $20k to (in early 2019) to about $300 (in 2020). Such recent low costs provide an economically affordable revolution in the use of centimeter(s) level accuracies in aerial remote sensing, ground support, field data collections, and classroom instruction with GNSS RTK technologies. Except for the marketing literature little is known about their performance in the typical applications of the remote sensing and GIS communities. How accurate are the new low-cost dual-frequency multi-constellation receivers? What is the reliability in typical landscapes and mountainous landscapes? Answers to these questions are important to control the bundle-adjustment in SfM approaches using ground control points, setting confidence limits in topographic change detection, collecting ground reference data, and evaluating orthoimagery. The problem of assessing performance in typical applications is the lack of a reference source of higher precision and accuracy than the low-cost GNSS receivers themselves. In this study, a low-cost receiver/antenna was evaluated using height modernization monuments in the National Geodetic Survey network. These monuments are typically of sub-centimeter positional accuracy. Thirty-six monuments in four piedmont counties of South Carolina were surveyed (in RTK FIX mode). Resulting accuracies for these typical environments were 2.2-cm RMSE in both horizontal and height dimensions. The 95% confidence level accuracies for the horizontal and height dimensions were 3.7-cm and 4.2-cm (95%), respectively. Performance tests in the South Carolina mountains revealed numerous issues with the low cost survey grade GNSS receiver (cellular connections, availability of reference sites, and satellite signal occlusion from mountains) that also plagues more expensive receivers.

中文翻译:

关于低成本双频 GNSS 网络接收器和参考数据的准确性

摘要 在过去的二十年中,空间数据精度的趋势已经从米级发展到分米级甚至厘米级。在很大程度上,地理空间产品的厘米级空间精度来自于使用 LiDAR 数据和低空有人和无人驾驶航空系统进行成像以及地形和表面模型。所有这些来源都依赖于高精度/准确度的 GNSS 技术来实现这样的准确度。具有厘米级定位精度的 L1/L2 接收器的成本在去年迅速从超过 1.5 万美元至 2 万美元降至(2019 年初)至约 300 美元(2020 年)。最近的这种低成本为在空中遥感、地面支持、现场数据收集、和使用 GNSS RTK 技术的课堂教学。除了营销文献之外,人们对它们在遥感和 GIS 社区的典型应用中的表现知之甚少。新型低成本双频多星座接收器的准确度如何?典型景观和山地景观的可靠性如何?这些问题的答案对于使用地面控制点控制 SfM 方法中的束调整、在地形变化检测中设置置信限、收集地面参考数据和评估正射影像非常重要。在典型应用中评估性能的问题是缺乏比低成本 GNSS 接收器本身具有更高精度和准确度的参考源。在这项研究中,使用国家大地测量网络中的高度现代化纪念碑对低成本接收器/天线进行了评估。这些纪念碑通常具有亚厘米的定位精度。调查了南卡罗来纳州四个山前县的 36 座纪念碑(在 RTK FIX 模式下)。这些典型环境的最终精度在水平和高度维度上均为 2.2 厘米 RMSE。水平和高度尺寸的 95% 置信水平精度分别为 3.7 厘米和 4.2 厘米 (95%)。在南卡罗来纳山区进行的性能测试揭示了低成本调查级 GNSS 接收器的许多问题(蜂窝连接、参考站点的可用性以及来自山区的卫星信号遮挡),这些问题也困扰着更昂贵的接收器。这些纪念碑通常具有亚厘米的定位精度。调查了南卡罗来纳州四个山前县的 36 座纪念碑(在 RTK FIX 模式下)。这些典型环境的最终精度在水平和高度维度上均为 2.2 厘米 RMSE。水平和高度尺寸的 95% 置信水平精度分别为 3.7 厘米和 4.2 厘米 (95%)。在南卡罗来纳山区进行的性能测试揭示了低成本调查级 GNSS 接收器的许多问题(蜂窝连接、参考站点的可用性以及来自山区的卫星信号遮挡),这些问题也困扰着更昂贵的接收器。这些纪念碑通常具有亚厘米的定位精度。调查了南卡罗来纳州四个山前县的 36 座纪念碑(在 RTK FIX 模式下)。这些典型环境的最终精度在水平和高度维度上均为 2.2 厘米 RMSE。水平和高度尺寸的 95% 置信水平精度分别为 3.7 厘米和 4.2 厘米 (95%)。在南卡罗来纳山区进行的性能测试揭示了低成本调查级 GNSS 接收器的许多问题(蜂窝连接、参考站点的可用性以及来自山区的卫星信号遮挡),这些问题也困扰着更昂贵的接收器。这些典型环境的最终精度在水平和高度维度上均为 2.2 厘米 RMSE。水平和高度尺寸的 95% 置信水平精度分别为 3.7 厘米和 4.2 厘米 (95%)。在南卡罗来纳山区进行的性能测试揭示了低成本调查级 GNSS 接收器的许多问题(蜂窝连接、参考站点的可用性以及来自山区的卫星信号遮挡),这些问题也困扰着更昂贵的接收器。这些典型环境的最终精度在水平和高度维度上均为 2.2 厘米 RMSE。水平和高度尺寸的 95% 置信水平精度分别为 3.7 厘米和 4.2 厘米 (95%)。在南卡罗来纳山区进行的性能测试揭示了低成本调查级 GNSS 接收器的许多问题(蜂窝连接、参考站点的可用性以及来自山区的卫星信号遮挡),这些问题也困扰着更昂贵的接收器。
更新日期:2020-10-02
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