ABSTRACT We used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences to examine patterns of differentiation and evolution in the Musophagidae, an avian family endemic to sub-Saharan Africa; attention was focused on the subfamily Musophaginae, the turacos, or louries. Phylogeographic analysis of 410 individual ND2 sequences from throughout the ranges of the currently recognized species revealed multiple instances of unexpectedly large genetic divergences and cryptic taxa. Within both montane and lowland species, including Tauraco hartlaubi and T. schalowi, Menelikornis leucotis, Musophaga macrorhyncha, and Gallirex johnstoni, fixed private haplotypes were found in disjunct portions of the ranges, suggesting negligible recent gene flow and evolutionary independence of populations. Two taxa originally described as subspecies (T. schalowi loitanus and T. s. marungensis), but not recognized for over 50 years, were found to be 100% diagnosable based on the mitochondrial sequences. The data also revealed the existence of two polyphyletic traditional species, Tauraco livingstonii and T. schuettii, as well as the polyphyly or paraphyly of all traditional superspecies complexes involving members of the genus Tauraco. Overall, our analyses of genetic and morphological variation revealed substantial and unexpected geographic diversity within the Musophagidae. We recognize 33 species-level taxa that represent the appropriate units for phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses (phylogenetic species). We used complete mitochondrial ND2 sequences and nuclear DNA sequences of an Aconitase intron and of the RAG-1 exon to infer the phylogenetic relationships among those species. The results include all the phylogenetic species and, for the first time, nuclear data. We present a new classification of the Musophagidae based on our phylogeographic and phylogenetic results. We allocate the 33 species to seven previously recognized genera, an average of 4.7 species per genus.

中文翻译：

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基于线粒体和核 DNA 序列的 Turacos (Aves: Musophagidae) 的系统地理学、物种限制、系统发育和分类

摘要 我们使用线粒体和核 DNA 序列来检查 Musophagidae 的分化和进化模式，Musophagidae 是撒哈拉以南非洲特有的鸟类家族。注意力集中在亚科 Musophaginae、turacos 或 louries。对来自当前公认物种范围内的 410 个单独 ND2 序列的系统地理学分析揭示了多个意外大的遗传差异和神秘分类群的实例。在山地和低地物种中，包括 Tauraco hartlaubi 和 T. schalowi、Menelikornis leucotis、Musophaga macrorhyncha 和 Gallirex johnstoni，在该范围的分离部分发现了固定的私人单倍型，这表明最近的基因流和种群进化独立性可以忽略不计。最初被描述为亚种的两个分类群（T. schallowi loitanus 和 T. s. marungensis)，但在 50 多年后才被发现，根据线粒体序列，发现其可 100% 诊断。数据还揭示了两个多系传统物种 Tauraco livingstonii 和 T. schuettii 的存在，以及涉及 Tauraco 属成员的所有传统超种复合体的多系或副系。总体而言，我们对遗传和形态变异的分析揭示了 Musophagidae 内大量且出乎意料的地理多样性。我们识别了 33 个物种级别的分类群，它们代表了系统发育和生物地理学分析（系统发育物种）的适当单位。我们使用完整的线粒体 ND2 序列和乌头酸酶内含子和 RAG-1 外显子的核 DNA 序列来推断这些物种之间的系统发育关系。结果包括所有系统发育物种，并首次包括核数据。我们根据我们的系统地理学和系统发育结果提出了 Musophagidae 的新分类。我们将 33 个物种分配到 7 个先前识别的属中，平均每个属 4.7 个物种。