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A New Morphological Dataset Reveals a Novel Relationship for the Adzebills of New Zealand (Aptornis) and Provides a Foundation for Total Evidence Neoavian Phylogenetics
American Museum Novitates ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-05-03 , DOI: 10.1206/3927.1
Grace M. Musser 1 , Joel Cracraft 2
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT Relationships among Neoaves, a group comprising approximately 95% of all extant birds, are difficult to resolve because of multiple short internodes presumably created by a rapid evolutionary radiation around the K/Pg boundary. This difficulty has plagued both morphological and molecular studies. Compared with molecular studies with extensive taxon and character sampling, morphological datasets have largely failed to provide insight into the phenotypic evolutionary transitions of the neoavian radiation. Extinct neoavian taxa remain an understudied but critical key to resolving relationships among these problematic stem lineages and understanding evolutionary changes in structure and function. Adzebills (Aptornis), some of the most phylogenetically controversial fossil neoavians, are extinct terrestrial birds endemic to New Zealand since at least the early Miocene. Past morphological studies have placed adzebills as a sister taxon to the flightless Kagu of New Caledonia (Rhynochetos jubatus) or to the land- and waterfowl group Galloanseres. Recent molecular studies reveal the Kagu and Sunbittern (Eurypyga helias) to be sister taxa, whereas adzebills have been postulated to be within Rallidae (rails, gallinules, and coots) or the sister taxon of Sarothruridae (flufftails) or Ralloidea (finfoots, flufftails, and rails). To better resolve the position of adzebills and begin constructing a fine-scale total evidence phylogenetic dataset for the base of Neoaves, we constructed a new and more comprehensive morphological dataset of 368 discrete osteological characters for 38 extant and two extinct taxa that includes extensive sampling of nearly all neoavian stem lineages. We then combined this dataset with 32 DNA sequences of the slowly evolving nuclear RAG1 and RAG2 genes. Morphological results place adzebills as the sister taxon of trumpeters (Psophia) within core Gruiformes and confirm strong support for a Kagu+Sunbittern sister group (99% bootstrap value). Results for analyses of the combined data were identical, and the adzebill+trumpeter clade was supported by a 99% Bayesian clade credibility value. Although the Kagu+Sunbittern sister group is consistent with recent molecular hypotheses, the adzebill+trumpeter group is novel.

中文翻译:

一个新的形态学数据集揭示了新西兰 Adzebills (Aptornis) 的新关系,并为新鸟类系统发育的全证据提供了基础

摘要 Neoaves 之间的关系很难解决,这是一个包含所有现存鸟类的大约 95% 的群体,因为多个短节间可能是由 K/Pg 边界周围的快速进化辐射产生的。这种困难一直困扰着形态学和分子研究。与具有广泛分类群和特征采样的分子研究相比,形态学数据集在很大程度上未能深入了解新鸟类辐射的表型进化转变。已灭绝的新鸟类分类群仍然是解决这些有问题的茎谱系之间关系和理解结构和功能进化变化的关键关键,但尚未得到充分研究。Adzebills (Aptornis),一些在系统发育上最具争议的新鸟类化石,是新西兰特有的已灭绝陆生鸟类,至少从中新世早期开始。过去的形态学研究已将 adzebills 作为新喀里多尼亚不会飞的 Kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus) 或陆地和水禽群 Galloanseres 的姐妹分类群。最近的分子研究表明 Kagu 和 Sunbittern (Eurypyga helias) 是姐妹分类群,而 adzebills 被假定为属于 Rallidae (rails、gallinules 和 coots) 或 Sarothruridae (flufftails) 或 Ralloidea (finfoots、flufftails、和导轨)。为了更好地确定 adzebills 的位置并开始为 Neoaves 的基地构建精细规模的全证据系统发育数据集,我们为 38 个现存和两个灭绝的分类群构建了一个新的、更全面的 368 个离散骨学特征的形态学数据集,其中包括对几乎所有新鸟类茎谱系的广泛采样。然后,我们将该数据集与缓慢进化的核 RAG1 和 RAG2 基因的 32 个 DNA 序列相结合。形态学结果将 adzebills 作为小号手 (Psophia) 的姊妹分类单元在核心 Gruiformes 中,并确认对 Kagu+Sunbittern 姊妹组的强烈支持(99% 引导值)。组合数据的分析结果是相同的,并且 adzebill + trumpeter 进化枝得到 99% 贝叶斯进化枝可信度值的支持。虽然 Kagu+Sunbittern 姊妹组与最近的分子假说一致,但 adzebill+trumpeter 组是新颖的。然后,我们将该数据集与缓慢进化的核 RAG1 和 RAG2 基因的 32 个 DNA 序列相结合。形态学结果将 adzebills 作为小号手 (Psophia) 的姊妹分类单元在核心 Gruiformes 中,并确认对 Kagu+Sunbittern 姊妹组的强烈支持(99% 引导值)。组合数据的分析结果是相同的,并且 adzebill + trumpeter 进化枝得到 99% 贝叶斯进化枝可信度值的支持。虽然 Kagu+Sunbittern 姊妹组与最近的分子假说一致,但 adzebill+trumpeter 组是新颖的。然后,我们将该数据集与缓慢进化的核 RAG1 和 RAG2 基因的 32 个 DNA 序列相结合。形态学结果将 adzebills 作为小号手 (Psophia) 的姊妹分类单元在核心 Gruiformes 中,并确认对 Kagu+Sunbittern 姊妹组的强烈支持(99% 引导值)。组合数据的分析结果是相同的,并且 adzebill + trumpeter 进化枝得到 99% 贝叶斯进化枝可信度值的支持。虽然 Kagu+Sunbittern 姊妹组与最近的分子假说一致,但 adzebill+trumpeter 组是新颖的。组合数据的分析结果是相同的,并且 adzebill + trumpeter 进化枝得到 99% 贝叶斯进化枝可信度值的支持。虽然 Kagu+Sunbittern 姊妹组与最近的分子假说一致,但 adzebill+trumpeter 组是新颖的。组合数据的分析结果是相同的,并且 adzebill + trumpeter 进化枝得到 99% 贝叶斯进化枝可信度值的支持。虽然 Kagu+Sunbittern 姊妹组与最近的分子假说一致,但 adzebill+trumpeter 组是新颖的。
更新日期:2019-05-03
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