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Estimating Surface and Groundwater Irrigation Potential under Different Conservation Agricultural Practices and Irrigation Systems in the Ethiopian Highlands
Water ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-11 , DOI: 10.3390/w13121645
Abdu Y. Yimam , Tewodros T. Assefa , Feleke K. Sishu , Seifu A. Tilahun , Manuel R. Reyes , P.V. Vara Prasad

This study was conducted at the Dangishta watershed in the Ethiopian highlands to evaluate irrigation potential from surface and groundwater sources under different farming and water application systems. Daily streamflow and the groundwater table were monitored from 2015 to 2017. Shallow groundwater recharge was estimated using the water table fluctuation method. Automated baseflow separation techniques were used to determine the amount of runoff and baseflow from the total streamflow records. The potential of groundwater and runoff to sustain dry season irrigation (i.e., low flow) was evaluated considering two tillage systems (i.e., conservation agriculture, CA; and conventional tillage, CT), and water application (i.e., drip and overhead) systems for major irrigated crops (i.e., onion, garlic, cabbage, and pepper) grown in the Dangishta watershed. We found that the annual groundwater recharge varied from 320 to 358 mm during the study period, which was about 17% to 22% of the annual rainfall. The annual surface runoff depth ranged from 192 to 268 mm from 2015 to 2017. The results reveal that the maximum seasonal irrigable land from groundwater recharge was observed under CA with drip irrigation (i.e., 2251 and 2992 ha from groundwater recharge and surface runoff, respectively). By comparison, in the CT practice with overhead irrigation, the lowest seasonal irrigable land was observed (i.e., 1746 and 2121 ha from groundwater and surface runoff, respectively). From the low flow analysis, about 199 and 173 ha of one season’s irrigable land could be irrigated using the CA and CT systems, respectively, both with drip irrigation. Similarly, two-season overhead irrigation potential from low flow under CA and CT was found to be about 87 and 76 ha, respectively. The dry season irrigable land using low flow could be increased from 9% to 16% using the CA system for the various vegetables, whereas drip irrigation could increase the irrigable land potential by 56% compared to overhead irrigation. The combined use of groundwater recharge and runoff could sustain up to 94% of the dry season low flow irrigation through the combination of the CA system and drip irrigation. Decision makers must consider the introduction of feasible and affordable technologies to make use of groundwater and direct runoff, to maximize the potential of dry season production through efficient and appropriate CA and water management practices.

中文翻译:

估算埃塞俄比亚高地不同保护性农业实践和灌溉系统下的地表和地下水灌溉潜力

这项研究是在埃塞俄比亚高地的 Dangishta 流域进行的,目的是评估不同农业和水应用系统下地表水和地下水源的灌溉潜力。2015 年至 2017 年监测了每日流量和地下水位。使用地下水位波动法估算浅层地下水补给量。自动基流分离技术用于从总流量记录中确定径流和基流的量。考虑到两种耕作系统(即保护性农业,CA;常规耕作,CT)和灌溉用水(即滴灌和架空)系统,对地下水和径流维持旱季灌溉(即低流量)的潜力进行了评估。主要灌溉作物(即洋葱、大蒜、卷心菜、和胡椒)生长在丹吉什塔流域。我们发现研究期间地下水年补给量从 320 到 358 毫米不等,约占年降雨量的 17% 到 22%。2015 年至 2017 年年地表径流深度为 192 至 268 毫米。 )。相比之下,在采用高架灌溉的 CT 实践中,观察到最低的季节性可灌溉土地(即,地下水和地表径流分别为 1746 和 2121 公顷)。从低流量分析来看,一个季节的可灌溉土地约有 199 公顷和 173 公顷,可分别使用 CA 和 CT 系统进行灌溉,两者均采用滴灌。相似地,发现 CA 和 CT 下低流量的两季架空灌溉潜力分别约为 87 和 76 公顷。对于各种蔬菜,使用 CA 系统可以将使用低流量的旱季可灌溉土地从 9% 增加到 16%,而与架空灌溉相比,滴灌可以将可灌溉土地的潜力增加 56%。通过CA系统与滴灌相结合,地下水补给与径流结合使用,可维持高达94%的旱季低流量灌溉。决策者必须考虑引入可行且负担得起的技术来利用地下水和直接径流,通过有效和适当的 CA 和水管理实践最大限度地发挥旱季生产的潜力。
更新日期:2021-06-11
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