In this paper, we provide an overview of how Safe-by-Design is conceived and applied in practice in a large number of engineering disciplines. We discuss the differences, commonalities, and possibilities for mutual learning found in those practices and identify several ways of putting those disciplinary outlooks in perspective. The considered engineering disciplines in the order of historically grown technologies are construction engineering, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, urban engineering, software engineering, bio-engineering, nano-engineering, and finally cyber space engineering. Each discipline is briefly introduced, the technology at issue is described, the relevant or dominant hazards are examined, the social challenge(s) are observed, and the relevant developments in the field are described. Within each discipline the risk management strategies, the design principles promoting safety or safety awareness, and associated methods or tools are discussed. Possible dilemmas that the designers in the discipline face are highlighted. Each discipline is concluded by discussing the opportunities and bottlenecks in addressing safety. Commonalities and differences between the engineering disciplines are investigated, specifically on the design strategies for which empirical data have been collected. We argue that Safe-by-Design is best considered as a specific elaboration of Responsible Research and Innovation, with an explicit focus on safety in relation to other important values in engineering such as well-being, sustainability, equity, and affordability. Safe-by-Design provides for an intellectual venue where social science and the humanities (SSH) collaborate on technological developments and innovation by helping to proactively incorporate safety considerations into engineering practices, while navigating between the extremes of technological optimism and disproportionate precaution. As such, Safe-by-Design is also a practical tool for policymakers and risk assessors that helps shape governance arrangements for accommodating and incentivizing safety, while fully acknowledging uncertainty.

中文翻译：

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工程中的安全设计：工程学科的概述和比较分析

在本文中，我们概述了设计安全是如何在大量工程学科的实践中构思和应用的。我们讨论了在这些实践中发现的相互学习的差异、共性和可能性，并确定了将这些学科观点正确看待的几种方法。按历史发展技术顺序考虑的工程学科是建筑工程、化学工程、航空航天工程、城市工程、软件工程、生物工程、纳米工程，最后是网络空间工程。简要介绍了每个学科，描述了相关技术，检查了相关或主要危害，观察了社会挑战，并描述了该领域的相关发展。在每个学科中，都讨论了风险管理策略、促进安全或安全意识的设计原则以及相关的方法或工具。强调了该学科的设计师面临的可能困境。每个学科都通过讨论解决安全问题的机会和瓶颈来结束。研究了工程学科之间的共性和差异，特别是收集了经验数据的设计策略。我们认为，安全设计最好被视为负责任研究和创新的具体阐述，明确关注与工程中其他重要价值相关的安全，例如福祉、可持续性、公平和可负担性。Safe-by-Design 提供了一个知识场所，社会科学和人文学科 (SSH) 通过帮助主动将安全考虑纳入工程实践，同时在技术乐观和过度预防的极端之间导航，从而在技术发展和创新方面进行合作。因此，安全设计也是政策制定者和风险评估者的实用工具，有助于形成适应和激励安全的治理安排，同时充分承认不确定性。