The use of nanoparticles (NP) has been dramatically rising in the recent years and NPs can nowadays be found in various products ranging from food to composite materials or cosmetics [1], [2]. Currently, the most frequently employed NP types are titania (TiO 2 ), as a typical color additive, silica (SiO 2 ), as anticoagulation agent, and silver (Ag) NPs, which are added to textiles, due to their antimicrobial properties. Because of their outstanding physical and mechanical properties, carbon-containing nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, have also experienced a surge in industrially relevant applications. About 30% of the NPs are suspended in liquids, ranging from water to creams and lotions to car lubricants, followed by applications containing surface-bound (e.g., in textiles) NPs and finally nanocomposites (e.g., polymer-CNT composites). Together with biological and physiological fluids, these matrices render the detection and quantification of NPs fairly complex [3]. The broad range of chemical and biological compositions of these environments, including pH and ionic strength, are often detrimental to the colloidal stability of NPs, potentially causing aggregation or even dissolution effects and therefore render NP analysis fairly challenging.

中文翻译：

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使用锁定热成像研究复杂环境中的刺激响应纳米粒子

近年来，纳米粒子 (NP) 的使用急剧增加，现在可以在从食品到复合材料或化妆品的各种产品中找到纳米粒子 [1]、[2]。目前，最常用的 NP 类型是二氧化钛 (TiO 2 )，作为典型的颜色添加剂，二氧化硅 (SiO 2 )，作为抗凝剂，以及银 (Ag) NPs，由于它们的抗菌特性，它们被添加到纺织品中。由于其出色的物理和机械性能，含碳纳米材料，如石墨烯和碳纳米管，在工业相关应用中也经历了激增。大约 30% 的纳米颗粒悬浮在液体中，从水到乳霜、乳液到汽车润滑剂，然后是含有表面结合的纳米颗粒（例如，在纺织品中），最后是纳米复合材料（例如，聚合物-CNT 复合材料）。连同生物和生理液体，这些基质使 NP 的检测和量化变得相当复杂 [3]。这些环境中广泛的化学和生物成分，包括 pH 值和离子强度，