Abstract Measurements of Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) coefficients are made in an evacuated region on a silver sample with a novel transducer in temperature intervals T A ± 20 K{T_{A}}\pm 20\hspace{0.1667em}\text{K}, where the T A {T_{A}} are very carefully controlled ambient temperatures. This is the first systematic examination of Thomson coefficients in these temperature intervals. The Thomson coefficients when plotted against T, the temperature of measurement, are found to be discontinuous precisely at T A {T_{A}}. When the Thomson coefficients are multiplied by a transformation involving T and T A {T_{A}}, a linear curve in T results. Examinations here of measurements of Thomson coefficients produced by others show multiple values at T in some cases and odd behavior in other cases. Multiplying the results of others by the transformation discovered here almost always produces linear curves. The conclusions are the following. (1) Thomson’s explicit assumption that the Thomson effect involves no energy exchange with surroundings was wrong. (2) Any non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach to deriving the Thomson effect must take into account the energy exchange with the surroundings and consequently must be made in three dimensions. (3) From the work here and that of others, the energy exchange with the environment is probably mostly thermal radiation.

中文翻译：

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重新审视热电偶：汤姆森效应

摘要 Thomson（后来的开尔文勋爵）系数的测量是在银样品的真空区域中用新型传感器在温度区间 TA ± 20 K{T_{A}}\pm 20\hspace{0.1667em}\text{K }，其中 TA {T_{A}} 是非常仔细控制的环境温度。这是在这些温度区间内对汤姆森系数的第一次系统检查。当 Thomson 系数与测量温度 T 作图时，发现在 TA {T_{A}} 处恰好是不连续的。当 Thomson 系数乘以涉及 T 和 TA {T_{A}} 的变换时，会产生 T 中的线性曲线。此处对其他人产生的 Thomson 系数测量结果的检查显示，在某些情况下 T 处有多个值，而在其他情况下则表现出奇怪的行为。用这里发现的变换乘以其他人的结果几乎总是产生线性曲线。结论如下。(1) Thomson 明确假设 Thomson 效应不涉及与环境的能量交换是错误的。(2) 推导汤姆森效应的任何非平衡热力学方法都必须考虑与周围环境的能量交换，因此必须在三个维度上进行。(3) 从这里和其他人的工作来看，与环境的能量交换可能主要是热辐射。(2) 推导汤姆森效应的任何非平衡热力学方法都必须考虑与周围环境的能量交换，因此必须在三个维度上进行。(3) 从这里和其他人的工作来看，与环境的能量交换可能主要是热辐射。(2) 推导汤姆森效应的任何非平衡热力学方法都必须考虑与周围环境的能量交换，因此必须在三个维度上进行。(3) 从这里和其他人的工作来看，与环境的能量交换可能主要是热辐射。