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HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory
Solar Physics ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-10 , DOI: 10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z
C. Alvarez , J. R. Angeles Camacho , J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez , K. P. Arunbabu , D. Avila Rojas , V. Baghmanyan , E. Belmont-Moreno , S. Y. BenZvi , C. Brisbois , K. S. Caballero-Mora , T. Capistrán , P. Colín-Farias , U. Cotti , J. Cotzomi , S. Coutiño de León , E. De la Fuente , S. Dichiara , B. L. Dingus , M. A. DuVernois , J. C. Díaz-Vélez , C. Espinoza , N. Fraija , A. Galván-Gámez , D. Garcia , J. A. García-González , F. Garfias , M. M. González , J. A. Goodman , J. P. Harding , S. Hernandez , B. Hona , D. Huang , F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla , A. Iriarte , V. Joshi , G. J. Kunde , A. Lara , H. León Vargas , A. L. Longinotti , G. Luis-Raya , K. Malone , O. Martinez , J. Martínez-Castro , J. A. Matthews , P. Miranda-Romagnoli , J. A. Morales-Soto , E. Moreno , A. Nayerhoda , L. Nellen , M. Newbold , R. Noriega-Papaqui , A. Peisker , Y. Pérez Araujo , E. G. Pérez-Pérez , C. D. Rho , D. Rosa-González , M. Rosenberg , J. Ryan , H. Salazar , A. Sandoval , R. W. Springer , E. Tabachnick , O. Tibolla , K. Tollefson , I. Torres , R. Torres-Escobedo , L. Villaseñor , A. Zepeda , H. Zhou , C. de León

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory is located close to the equator (latitude \(18^{\circ }\) N), at an altitude of 4100 m above sea level. HAWC has 295 water Cherenkov detectors (WCD), each containing four photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The main purpose of HAWC is the determination of the energy and arrival direction of very high energy gamma rays produced by energetic processes in the universe, HAWC also has a scaler system which counts the arrival of secondary particles to the detector. In this work we show that the scaler system of HAWC is an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies due to its large area and high sensitivity. In order to prepare the scaler system for low energy heliospheric studies, we model and correct the efficiency variation of each PMT of the array, which result in a capability to measure variations \(> 0.01\%\) with high accuracy. Using the singular value decomposition method, we correct the rate deviations of all PMTs of the array, due to changes in efficiency, gain and operational voltage. We isolate and remove the atmospheric modulations of the PMTs count rates measured by the TDC-scaler data acquisition system. In particular, the atmospheric pressure at the HAWC site exhibits an oscillating behavior with a period of ∼12 hours and we make use of this periodic property to estimate the pressure coefficients for the HAWC TDC-scaler system. These corrections performed on the TDC-scaler system make the HAWC TDC-scaler system an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies. As examples of this capability, we present the preliminary analysis of the solar modulation of cosmic rays at three time scales observed by HAWC, with an unprecedented accuracy.



中文翻译:

HAWC 作为地基空间天气观测站

高海拔水切伦科夫 (HAWC) 伽马射线天文台位于赤道附近(纬度\(18^{\circ }\)N),海拔 4100 m。HAWC 有 295 个水切伦科夫探测器 (WCD),每个探测器包含四个光电倍增管 (PMT)。HAWC 的主要目的是确定宇宙中高能过程产生的超高能伽马射线的能量和到达方向,HAWC 还具有一个标度系统,用于计算次级粒子到达探测器的次数。在这项工作中,我们表明 HAWC 的定标器系统由于其大面积和高灵敏度是太阳调制和空间天气研究的理想仪器。为了准备用于低能量日光层研究的定标器系统,我们对阵列的每个 PMT 的效率变化进行建模和校正,从而能够测量变化\(> 0.01\%\)精度高。由于效率、增益和工作电压的变化,我们使用奇异值分解方法来校正阵列所有 PMT 的速率偏差。我们隔离并消除了由 TDC 定标器数据采集系统测量的 PMT 计数率的大气调制。特别是,HAWC 站点的大气压力表现出大约 12 小时的振荡行为,我们利用这种周期性特性来估计 HAWC TDC 缩放系统的压力系数。在 TDC 定标器系统上执行的这些校正使 HAWC TDC 定标器系统成为太阳能调制和空间天气研究的理想仪器。作为这种能力的例子,我们展示了 HAWC 在三个时间尺度上对宇宙射线的太阳调制的初步分析,

更新日期:2021-06-10
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