This article investigates whether goal-directed learning of pictures leads to multiple mental representations which are differently useful for different purposes. The paper further investigates the effects of prompts on picture processing. 136 undergraduate students were presented maps of a fictitious city. One half of the participants were instructed to learn their map as preparation to draw it from memory as precisely as possible (PrepDraw), which should stimulate the creation of an elaborated surface representation. The other half were instructed to learn the map as preparation for finding the shortest traffic connection from various locations to other locations (PrepConnect), which should stimulate the construction of a task-oriented deep-structure representation (mental model). Within both experimental groups, one-third of the participants received the map without prompts. Another third received the map with survey prompts (stimulating processing of what is where), and the final third received the map with connect prompts (stimulating processing of how train stations are connected). In the following test phase, participants received a recognition task, a recall task, and an inference task. For recognition and recall, two surface structure scores (extent, accuracy) and two deep structure scores (extent, accuracy) were calculated. The inference task served also to indicate deep structure accuracy. The PrepDraw group outperformed the PrepConnect group in terms of surface structure related variables, whereas the PrepConnect group outperformed the PrepDraw group in terms of deep structure-related variables. Map processing was not enhanced by prompts aligned with the instruction, but non-aligned prompts tended to interfere with learning.

本文研究了以目标为导向的图片学习是否会导致多种心理表征，这些表征对不同目的有不同的用途。本文进一步研究了提示对图片处理的影响。向 136 名本科生展示了一个虚构城市的地图。一半的参与者被指示学习他们的地图，以准备尽可能准确地从记忆中绘制它（PrepDraw），这应该会刺激创建精细的表面表示。另一半被指示学习地图，为寻找从各个位置到其他位置的最短交通连接（PrepConnect）做准备，这将刺激构建面向任务的深层结构表示（心智模型）。在两个实验组中，三分之一的参与者在没有提示的情况下收到了地图。另一三分之一收到带有调查提示的地图（刺激处理在哪里），最后三分之一收到带有连接提示的地图（刺激处理火车站如何连接）。在接下来的测试阶段，参与者接受了识别任务、回忆任务和推理任务。对于识别和召回，计算了两个表面结构分数（范围、准确性）和两个深层结构分数（范围、准确性）。推理任务还用于指示深度结构的准确性。PrepDraw 组在表面结构相关变量方面优于 PrepConnect 组，而 PrepConnect 组在深层结构相关变量方面优于 PrepDraw 组。