Acculturation and enculturation are currently conceptualized as bilinear, multidimensional, and context-dependent cultural socialization processes (Yoon et al., 2013). Yet, this conceptualization requires further specification and empirical evidence. Our work is timely given the downward shift in productivity of traditional acculturation research and the need for a new direction. We examined the constructs and processes of acculturation and enculturation by meta-analytically synthesizing the findings of 255 publications (343 independent samples). In support of a bilinear (vs. unilinear) conceptualization, we found that acculturation and enculturation were only slightly associated with each other, r = −.18. In support of multidimensionality and context-dependency, their relationship varied by dimension (e.g., nonsignificant association of mainstream and ethnic identities vs. significant associations in other dimensions), geographic region, and race. Additionally, acculturation and enculturation rates/patterns varied by dimension; extrinsic changes (e.g., behavior) proceeded faster than intrinsic changes (e.g., values, identity). We discuss a direction for future research and implications for practice, advocacy, and education/training.

中文翻译：

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文化适应和文化适应的元分析：双线性、多维和上下文相关的过程

文化适应和文化融合目前被概念化为双线性、多维和依赖于情境的文化社会化过程（Yoon 等，2013）。然而，这种概念化需要进一步的规范和经验证据。鉴于传统文化适应研究生产力的下降以及对新方向的需求，我们的工作是及时的。我们通过元分析综合 255 篇出版物（343 个独立样本）的发现，检查了文化适应和文化适应的结构和过程。为了支持双线性（vs. 单线性）概念化，我们发现文化适应和文化适应之间只有轻微的关联，r = -.18。为了支持多维性和上下文依赖性，它们的关系因维度而异（例如，主流和种族身份的不显着关联与其他维度的显着关联）、地理区域和种族。此外，文化适应和文化适应率/模式因维度而异；外在变化（如行为）比内在变化（如价值观、身份）进展得更快。我们讨论了未来研究的方向以及对实践、宣传和教育/培训的影响。