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Why is the ocean surface slightly warmer than the atmosphere?
Journal of Marine Research ( IF 1.107 ) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 , DOI: 10.1357/002224018824082007
Lakshika Girihagama , Doron Nof

How much warmer is the ocean surface than the atmosphere directly above it? The present study offers a means to quantify this temperature difference using a conceptual nonlinear one-dimensional global energy balance coupled ocean–atmosphere model (“Aqua Planet”). The significance of our idealized model, which is of intermediate complexity, is its ability to obtain an analytical solution for the global average temperatures. Our analytical model results show that, for the present climate, predicted global mean ocean temperature is 291.1 K whereas surface atmospheric temperature above the ocean surface is 287.4 K. Thus, the modeled surface ocean is 3.7 K warmer than the atmosphere above it. Temporal perturbation of the global mean solution obtained for “Aqua Planet” showed a stable system. Oscillation amplitude of the atmospheric temperature anomaly is greater in magnitude than those found in the ocean. There is a phase shift (a lag in the ocean), which is caused by oceanic thermal inertia. Climate feedbacks due to selected climate parameters such as incoming radiation, cloud cover, and CO2 are discussed. Warming obtained with our model compares well with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) estimations. Application of our model to local regions illuminates the importance of evaporative cooling in determining derived air–sea temperature offsets, where an increase in the latter increases the systems overall sensitivity to evaporative cooling.

中文翻译:

为什么海洋表面比大气温度略高?

海洋表面比其正上方的大气热多少?本研究提供了一种使用概念性非线性一维全球能量平衡耦合海洋-大气模型(“Aqua Planet”)来量化这种温差的方法。我们的理想化模型具有中等复杂性,其重要性在于它能够获得全球平均温度的解析解。我们的分析模型结果表明,对于目前的气候,预测的全球平均海洋温度为 291.1 K,而海洋表面上方的地表大气温度为 287.4 K。因此,模拟的地表海洋比其上方的大气温度高 3.7 K。为“Aqua Planet”获得的全球平均解的时间扰动显示出一个稳定的系统。大气温度异常的振荡幅度比在海洋中发现的要大。存在相移(海洋中的滞后),这是由海洋热惯性引起的。讨论了由于选定的气候参数(例如传入辐射、云量和 CO2)引起的气候反馈。使用我们的模型获得的变暖与政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) 的估计相当。我们的模型在局部区域的应用阐明了蒸发冷却在确定派生的海气温度偏移方面的重要性,其中后者的增加增加了系统对蒸发冷却的整体敏感性。讨论了由于选定的气候参数(例如传入辐射、云量和 CO2)引起的气候反馈。使用我们的模型获得的变暖与政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) 的估计相当。我们的模型在局部区域的应用阐明了蒸发冷却在确定派生的海气温度偏移方面的重要性,其中后者的增加增加了系统对蒸发冷却的整体敏感性。讨论了由于选定的气候参数(例如传入辐射、云量和 CO2)引起的气候反馈。使用我们的模型获得的变暖与政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) 的估计相当。我们的模型在局部区域的应用阐明了蒸发冷却在确定派生的海气温度偏移方面的重要性,其中后者的增加增加了系统对蒸发冷却的整体敏感性。
更新日期:2018-01-01
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