Recent technological advances over the past few decades have enabled the development of fully coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling prediction systems that are used today to support short-term (days to weeks) and medium-term (10–21 days) needs for both the operational and research communities. We overview the coupling framework, including model components and grid resolution considerations, as well as the coupling physics by examining heat fluxes between atmosphere and ocean, momentum transfer, and freshwater fluxes. These modeling systems can be run as fully coupled atmosphere-ocean and atmosphere-ocean-wave configurations. Examples of several modeling systems applied to complex coastal regions including Madeira Island, Adriatic Sea, Coastal California, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, and the Maritime Continent are presented. In many of these studies, a variety of field campaigns have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying physics associated with the atmosphere-ocean feedbacks. Examples of improvements in predictive skill when run in coupled mode versus standalone are shown. Coupled model challenges such as model initialization, data assimilation, and earth system prediction are discussed.

中文翻译：

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中短期海洋-大气耦合预报

过去几十年的最新技术进步使完全耦合的大气-海洋建模预测系统得以开发，这些系统今天用于支持短期（数天到数周）和中期（10-21 天）的业务需求。和研究社区。我们通过检查大气和海洋之间的热通量、动量传递和淡水通量来概述耦合框架，包括模型组件和网格分辨率考虑因素，以及耦合物理。这些建模系统可以作为完全耦合的大气-海洋和大气-海洋-波配置运行。介绍了应用于复杂沿海地区的几种建模系统的示例，包括马德拉岛、亚得里亚海、加利福尼亚沿海、墨西哥湾、巴西和海洋大陆。在许多这些研究中，各种实地活动有助于更好地了解与大气-海洋反馈相关的基础物理学。显示了在耦合模式与独立模式下运行时预测技能改进的示例。讨论了模型初始化、数据同化和地球系统预测等耦合模型挑战。