Abstract By means of duality theory, this paper generalizes the Balassa-Samuelson model as is used to explain the Penn effect; namely, the fact that national price levels tend to rise with per capita national incomes. The generalization made in this paper allows for any technological progress that is Hicks-neutral, Solow-neutral, Harrod-neutral, or any mixture of them. The implications of the enlarged models include, among others, the Balassa-Samuelson scenario, as well as a capital-intensity scenario that resembles Bhagwati’s. Those hypotheses emerge simultaneously when technical changes are, both, Hicksian and Solovian. The paper also presents an alternative model that is used to explain the apparent breakdown of the Penn effect in the case of the lowest-income countries.

中文翻译：

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巴拉萨-萨缪尔森和资本强度假设简述

摘要 本文通过对偶理论，推广了用于解释Penn效应的Balassa-Samuelson模型；也就是说，国家物价水平往往随着人均国民收入的增加而上升。本文中的概括考虑到了希克斯中性、索洛中性、哈罗德中性或它们的任何混合的任何技术进步。扩大模型的含义包括巴拉萨-萨缪尔森情景以及类似于巴格瓦蒂的资本强度情景等。当技术变化既是希克斯式的又是索洛夫式的时，这些假设同时出现。本文还提出了一个替代模型，用于解释在最低收入国家的情况下宾夕法尼亚效应的明显分解。