To resituate early Mughal architecture within a Persianate context, this paper considers the three axes of geography, scale, and meaning. After introducing this conceptual framework, we turn to historian Marshall Hodgson’s essay, ‘In the Center of the Map: Nations See Themselves as the Hub of History’, as a starting point for geographical analysis. We survey historiographic perspectives on Mughal architecture as Indian, Islamic, Timurid, and Persianate. These cultural geographic perspectives involve a broad range of architectural scales from buildings to gardens, cities, regions, and empire. To address questions of meaning, the paper examines Hodgson’s concept of Persianate culture in relation to his ideas about conscience and history in his three-volume work titled The Venture of Islam. Hodgson’s ideas about conscience raise interesting questions about the moral dimension of early Mughal architectural experience. The final section of the paper rereads early Mughal sources leading up to the exile of Humayun in Persia and his return to Delhi. These events begin with Babur’s visit to Herat in 1506 and culminate with the construction of Humayun’s monumental tomb-garden, which can be read as expressions of moral as well as religio-political meaning in a dynasty that came to see itself as a ‘hub of history’.

中文翻译：

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“在地图的中心……”：在胡马雍建筑体验中反思马歇尔·霍奇森关于良心和历史的思想

为了将早期的莫卧儿建筑置于波斯语境中，本文考虑了地理、规模和意义这三个轴。在介绍了这个概念框架之后，我们转向历史学家马歇尔·霍奇森 (Marshall Hodgson) 的文章“在地图的中心：国家将自己视为历史的枢纽”，将其作为地理分析的起点。我们调查了莫卧儿建筑作为印度、伊斯兰、帖木儿和波斯的历史学观点。这些文化地理视角涉及广泛的建筑尺度，从建筑物到花园、城市、地区和帝国。为了解决意义问题，这篇论文考察了霍奇森的波斯文化概念与他在题为“伊斯兰的冒险”的三卷本作品中关于良心和历史的观念之间的关系。霍奇森关于良心的想法对早期莫卧儿建筑经验的道德维度提出了有趣的问题。论文的最后一部分重读了导致胡马雍流亡波斯并返回德里的早期莫卧儿文献。这些事件从巴布尔于 1506 年访问赫拉特开始，并以胡马雍不朽的墓园的建造而告终，在一个逐渐将自己视为“宗教中心”的王朝中，这可以被解读为道德和宗教政治意义的表达。历史'。