Analysing old maps and correlating patterns with remote sensing (RS) images have been a useful technique for identifying features of cultural heritage. The present work has conducted a geospatial analysis of Mughal Agra by comparing historical maps and satellite imagery. This paper make two distinct contributions: (1) it expands existing findings on the riverfront Mughal city by identifying the position and footprint of all the riverfront complexes (by complex we mean property that have or had Mughal mansions, gardens or tombs) marked in a Mughal map of 1720, and (2) it makes original contribution by delineating the two-tiers of city walls and further attempts to comprehend the spatial transformations of the city since the Mughal period. This exploration resulted in recognizing traces of many lost historical built forms like city walls, gateways and riverfront complexes those of which have transformed, integrated, camouflaged or sometimes lost within the urban fabric of the present city of Agra.

中文翻译：

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莫卧儿阿格拉河滨花园和城墙：利用遥感和 GIS 研究它们的位置、范围和后续改造

分析旧地图并将模式与遥感 (RS) 图像相关联是识别文化遗产特征的有用技术。目前的工作通过比较历史地图和卫星图像对莫卧儿阿格拉进行了地理空间分析。本文做出了两个不同的贡献：（1）它通过确定所有河边综合体（综合体是指拥有或曾经有莫卧儿豪宅、花园或坟墓的财产）的位置和足迹，扩展了对河滨莫卧儿城市的现有发现。 1720 年的莫卧儿地图，以及 (2) 它通过划定两层城墙并进一步尝试理解自莫卧儿时期以来城市的空间变化做出了原创性贡献。这次探索发现了许多失落的历史建筑形式的痕迹，如城墙、