GNSS satellite and receiving antennas exhibit group delay variations (GDV), which affect code pseudorange measurements. Like antenna phase center variations, which affect phase measurements, they are frequency-dependent and vary with the direction of the transmitted and received signal. GNSS code observations contain the combined contributions of satellite and receiver antennas. If absolute GDV are available for the receiver antennas, absolute satellite GDV can be determined. In 2019, an extensive set of absolute receiver antenna GDV was published and, thus, it became feasible to estimate absolute satellite antenna GDV based on terrestrial observations. We used the absolute GDV of four selected receiver antenna types and observation data of globally distributed reference stations that employ these antenna types to determine absolute GDV for the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, and QZSS satellite antennas. Besides BeiDou-2 satellites whose GDV are known to reach up to 1.5 m peak-to-peak, the GPS satellites show the largest GDV at frequencies L1 and L5 with up to 0.3 and 0.4 m peak-to-peak, respectively. They also show the largest satellite-to-satellite variations within a constellation. The GDV of GLONASS-M satellites reach up to 25 cm at frequency G1; Galileo satellites exhibit the largest GDV at frequency E6 with up to 20 cm; BeiDou-3 satellites show the largest GDV of around 15 cm at frequencies B1-2 and B3. Frequencies L2 of GPS IIIA, E1 of Galileo FOC, and B2a/B2b of BeiDou-3 satellites are the least affected. Their variations are below 10 cm.

GNSS 卫星和接收天线表现出群延迟变化 (GDV)，这会影响代码伪距测量。与影响相位测量的天线相位中心变化一样，它们与频率相关并随发射和接收信号的方向而变化。GNSS 代码观测包含卫星和接收器天线的综合贡献。如果绝对 GDV 可用于接收器天线，则可以确定绝对卫星 GDV。2019 年，发布了一套广泛的绝对接收天线 GDV，因此，基于地面观测估计绝对卫星天线 GDV 变得可行。我们使用四种选定接收机天线类型的绝对 GDV 和采用这些天线类型的全球分布式参考站的观测数据来确定 GPS、GLONASS、伽利略、北斗和 QZSS 卫星天线的绝对 GDV。除了已知 GDV 可达 1.5 m 峰峰值的北斗 2 号卫星外，GPS 卫星在频率 L1 和 L5 处的 GDV 最大，峰峰值分别可达 0.3 和 0.4 m。它们还显示了一个星座内最大的卫星到卫星的变化。GLONASS-M 卫星的 GDV 在 G1 频率下可达 25 cm；伽利略卫星在 E6 频率上表现出最大的 GDV，最大可达 20 厘米；北斗 3 号卫星在 B1-2 和 B3 频率显示最大 GDV 约为 15 cm。GPS IIIA的L2频率，Galileo FOC的E1，北斗三号卫星的 B2a/B2b 受影响最小。它们的变化低于 10 厘米。