Climate modelling groups usually work with a handful of model versions (parameter combinations) that reproduce certain targeted aspects of observed climate within a certain validity range and apply them for studying future climate change. What is of concern is whether these retained model versions, with respect to their de-selected counterparts, continue being optimal for future climate that is supposed to distinctly differ from the present one. Extrapolating model performances beyond their validity range requires model parameter sensitivity (i.e., changes in model output due to changes in model parameters) remains more or less stationary despite different forcing conditions. This requirement, however, is shown to be ill-grounded by exemplified analyses of resolution sensitivity in an Earth System Model under different forcing conditions, whereby model resolution is handled as a model parameter in a wider sense: (i) Model resolution sensitivity depends on the forcing conditions applied; moreover, (ii) The further the forcing deviates from a reference state, the earlier one can detect a systematic change in model resolution sensitivity, in particular, in its spatial details. Therefore, model parameter sensitivity and forcing conditions should be evaluated as a compound; failure to account for this relation leads to a systematic underestimation of uncertainty in forced responses of climate models, thereby imposing hazardous impacts on practical applications of CMIP outputs.

气候建模小组通常使用少量模型版本（参数组合），在一定的有效性范围内再现观测气候的某些目标方面，并将其应用于研究未来的气候变化。令人担忧的是，这些保留的模型版本，相对于它们取消选择的对应版本，是否继续是本应与当前明显不同的未来气候的最佳选择。外推模型性能超出其有效性范围需要模型参数敏感性（即模型参数变化导致模型输出的变化）在不同的强迫条件下保持或多或少的稳定。然而，通过对不同强迫条件下地球系统模型中分辨率灵敏度的示例性分析，这一要求被证明是没有根据的，模型分辨率在更广泛的意义上作为模型参数处理： (i) 模型分辨率敏感性取决于施加的强迫条件；此外，（ii）强迫偏离参考状态越远，人们就越早可以检测到模型分辨率灵敏度的系统变化，特别是在其空间细节方面。因此，模型参数敏感性和强迫条件应作为一个综合评价；未能考虑到这种关系会导致系统低估气候模型强制响应的不确定性，从而对 CMIP 输出的实际应用产生危险影响。较早的一个可以检测到模型分辨率灵敏度的系统变化，特别是在其空间细节方面。因此，模型参数敏感性和强迫条件应作为一个综合评价；未能考虑到这种关系会导致系统低估气候模型强制响应的不确定性，从而对 CMIP 输出的实际应用产生危险影响。较早的一个可以检测到模型分辨率灵敏度的系统变化，特别是在其空间细节方面。因此，模型参数敏感性和强迫条件应作为一个综合评价；未能考虑到这种关系会导致系统低估气候模型强制响应的不确定性，从而对 CMIP 输出的实际应用产生危险影响。