In this paper, the theory of collisional and turbulent transport of impurities in tokamak plasmas is reviewed. The results are presented with the aim of providing at the same time a historical reconstruction of the scientific progress and a complete description of the present theoretical knowledge, with a hopefully sufficiently complete reference to the works which have been published in the field in the last decades. After a general introduction on the physics challenges offered by the problem of impurity transport and their relevance for practical nuclear fusion energy, the theory of collisional transport is presented. Here a specific section is also dedicated to the transport parallel to the magnetic field lines. A complete review of the transport mechanisms produced by turbulence follows. The corresponding comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental observations are also presented, highlighting the influence that the validation activities had in motivating further theoretical investigations. The paper is completed by a section on the direct interactions between collisional and turbulent transport and by a final specific review dedicated to the progress in the theory–based modelling activities. In the writing of this review paper, the main goal has been to combine readability with completeness and scientific rigour, providing a comprehensive list of references for deeper documentation on specific aspects.

本文综述了托卡马克等离子体中杂质的碰撞和湍流输运理论。呈现结果的目的是同时提供科学进步的历史重建和对当前理论知识的完整描述，并希望对过去几十年在该领域发表的作品有足够完整的参考. 在对杂质输运问题所带来的物理挑战及其与实际核聚变能的相关性进行一般性介绍后，介绍了碰撞输运理论。这里还有一个特定部分专门用于平行于磁场线的传输。下面是对湍流产生的传输机制的完整回顾。还介绍了理论预测和实验观察之间的相应比较，突出了验证活动对推动进一步理论研究的影响。这篇论文的最后部分是关于碰撞和湍流输运之间的直接相互作用，以及最后的专门回顾基于理论的建模活动的进展。在撰写本评论论文时，主要目标是将可读性与完整性和科学严谨性结合起来，为特定方面的更深入文档提供全面的参考列表。这篇论文的最后部分是关于碰撞和湍流输运之间的直接相互作用，以及最后的专门回顾基于理论的建模活动的进展。在撰写本评论论文时，主要目标是将可读性与完整性和科学严谨性结合起来，为特定方面的更深入文档提供全面的参考列表。这篇论文的最后部分是关于碰撞和湍流输运之间的直接相互作用，以及最后的专门回顾基于理论的建模活动的进展。在撰写这篇评论论文时，主要目标是将可读性与完整性和科学严谨性结合起来，为特定方面的更深入文档提供全面的参考列表。