This paper presents an experimental investigation into the runaway electron spectrum with a gas diode composed of a rough spherical cathode and plane anode under the excitation of a nanosecond-pulse generator in atmospheric air. The runaway electron beams are measured by a collector covered with aluminum foil with a thickness from 0 μm (mesh grid) to 50 μm. The energy spectrum is calculated by an improved Tikhonov regularization called the maximum entropy method. The experimental results show that the transition state of the discharge consisted of multiple streamer channels stretched from the cathode with glow-like plasma uniformly distributed over the anode. The number of runaway electrons measured by the collector is in the order of 10¹⁰ in atmospheric pressure air with a gap spacing of 5 mm and applied voltages of 70–130 kV. The cathode with a rough surface creates a more inhomogeneous electric field and larger emission site for the runaway electrons around the cathode, providing conditions for the coexistence of filamentary streamer and diffuse discharge. The reconstructed spectra show that the energy distribution of the runaway electrons presents a single-peak profile with energies from eU _m/2–2eU _m/3 (U _m is maximal voltage across the gap).

本文介绍了在大气中纳秒脉冲发生器的激发下，使用由粗糙球形阴极和平面阳极组成的气体二极管对失控电子光谱的实验研究。失控的电子束由用铝箔覆盖，其厚度从0集电极测量μ米（网格）至50 μ米。能谱是通过称为最大熵方法的改进的 Tikhonov 正则化计算的。实验结果表明，放电过渡态由从阴极延伸出的多个流光通道组成，辉光状等离子体均匀分布在阳极上。集电极测得的失控电子数量在 10 ^{10 的数量级}在大气压力空气中，间隙间距为 5 mm，施加的电压为 70-130 kV。表面粗糙的阴极为阴极周围的失控电子创造了更不均匀的电场和更大的发射位点，为丝状流光和漫放电共存提供了条件。重建的光谱显示失控电子的能量分布呈现单峰分布，能量范围为eU _m /2–2 eU _m /3（U _m是跨越间隙的最大电压）。