Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, as more than 80% of former drug users relapse within a year after quit attempts have ended. This review examines incubated craving that develops over long periods of weeks to months after addictive drug use ends, when rats are given a small priming exposure to the formerly used drug, and a large amount of drug seeking occurs, reflecting large increases in craving over time. Expanded craving occurs when not only the recently-used drug, but other related or unrelated drugs of abuse elicit drug seeking that leads to relapse behavior, including common drugs like caffeine or nicotine, Thus, expanded craving is an increase in the conditions that elicit relapse, such as, a variety of drugs, and it persists weeks after drug use ends. Incubated and expanded craving occur with several drugs of abuse, and these forms of craving, can last for weeks to months and end in relapse. Voluntary physical exercise, blocked incubated cocaine craving, and expanded heroin craving elicited by multiple conditions was reduced in female and male rats. This review examines voluntary physical exercise as a long-term, self-initiated, and self-sustainable treatment that reduces long-term drug craving leading to relapse.

毒瘾是一种慢性复发性疾病，因为超过 80% 的前吸毒者在戒烟尝试结束后的一年内复发。本综述检查了成瘾性药物使用结束后数周至数月内形成的潜伏渴望，当时大鼠对以前使用过的药物进行了少量的启动暴露，并且发生了大量的药物寻求，这反映了渴望随着时间的推移大幅增加. 扩展的渴求发生时，不仅最近使用的药物，但滥用药物引导学生追求的其它相关或不相关的药物，导致复吸行为，包括常见的药物如咖啡因或尼古丁，因此，扩大的渴求是引起复发的条件增加，例如各种药物，并且在药物使用结束后持续数周。几种滥用药物会产生潜伏和扩大的渴望，这些形式的渴望可持续数周到数月，并以复发告终。在雌性和雄性大鼠中，自愿体育锻炼、阻止孵化的可卡因渴望和由多种条件引起的海洛因渴望增加。本综述将自愿体育锻炼视为一种长期、自发和自我可持续的治疗，可减少导致复发的长期药物渴望。