Abstract

Although several studies have already been carried out in investigating the general profile of the gut mycobiome across several countries, there has yet to be an officially established baseline of a healthy human gut mycobiome, to the best of our knowledge. Microbial composition within the gastrointestinal tract differ across individuals worldwide, and most human gut fungi studies concentrate specifically on individuals from developed countries or diseased cohorts. The present study is the first culture-dependent community study assessing the prevalence and diversity of gut fungi among different ethnic groups from South East Asia. Samples were obtained from a multi-ethnic semi-rural community from Segamat in southern Malaysia. Faecal samples were screened for culturable fungi and questionnaire data analysis was performed. Culturable fungi were present in 45% of the participants’ stool samples. Ethnicity had an impact on fungal prevalence and density in stool samples. The prevalence of resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and 5-fluorocytosine, from the Segamat community, were 14%, 14%, 11% and 7% respectively. It was found that Jakun individuals had lower levels of antifungal resistance irrespective of the drug tested, and male participants had more fluconazole resistant yeast in their stool samples. Two novel point mutations were identified in the ERG11 gene from one azole resistant Candida glabrata, suggesting a possible cause of the occurrence of antifungal resistant isolates in the participant’s faecal sample.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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马来西亚柔佛昔加末社区可培养人类肠道菌群的调查

摘要

尽管已经进行了多项研究来调查多个国家/地区的肠道真菌群落的总体概况，但据我们所知，尚未正式建立健康人类肠道真菌群落的基线。胃肠道内的微生物组成在世界范围内因人而异，大多数人类肠道真菌研究专门针对来自发达国家或患病人群的个体。本研究是第一个评估东南亚不同种族肠道真菌流行率和多样性的依赖于文化的社区研究。样本来自马来西亚南部昔加末的一个多民族半农村社区。筛选粪便样本中的可培养真菌并进行问卷数据分析。45% 的参与者粪便样本中存在可培养的真菌。种族对粪便样本中的真菌流行率和密度有影响。Segamat 社区对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康​​唑和 5-氟胞嘧啶的耐药率分别为 14%、14%、11% 和 7%。结果发现，无论测试何种药物，Jakun 个体的抗真菌耐药性水平较低，而男性参与者的粪便样本中具有更多的氟康唑耐药酵母。鉴定了两个新的点突变 结果发现，无论测试何种药物，Jakun 个体的抗真菌耐药性水平较低，而男性参与者的粪便样本中具有更多的氟康唑耐药酵母。鉴定了两个新的点突变 结果发现，无论测试何种药物，Jakun 个体的抗真菌耐药性水平较低，而男性参与者的粪便样本中具有更多的氟康唑耐药酵母。鉴定了两个新的点突变来自一种唑类抗性光滑念珠菌的ERG11基因，表明参与者粪便样本中出现抗真菌分离株的可能原因。

图形摘要