Abstract

Biochar application and enhanced weathering are negative emission technologies (NETs) with the potential for large-scale deployment for the removal of CO₂ from the atmosphere. Biochar is a solid product of pyrolysis that can permanently store carbon when applied in soil due to its chemical recalcitrance. Enhanced weathering is based on the acceleration of the natural reaction of moisture, CO₂, and alkaline minerals. Both of these NETs rely on the application of pulverized material to different types of terrestrial sinks, which can include marginal and agricultural land. These two NETs can be used separately or concurrently, depending on local sink conditions. In some cases, simultaneous application of biochar and mineral powder to soil has the advantage of attaining additional beneficial effects of soil amendment. Although recent papers have reported the development of process integration models for optimizing carbon management networks based on either biochar application or enhanced weathering, none have reported models integrating these two NETs in the same system. To address this gap, a fuzzy mixed-integer linear programming model is developed that integrates biochar application and enhanced weathering for large-scale carbon sequestration. Fuzzy set theory provides a well-tested framework for integration of both subjectivity and uncertainty into mathematical programming. The model determines the optimal allocation of biochar and/or alkaline minerals from each source to each sink, while considering the application limits and CO₂ sequestration potential. An illustrative case study is solved that clearly demonstrates the application of the model. The case study shows interesting results that can guide how the full sustainable potential of these two technologies can be utilized in a carbon management network.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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一种规划综合陆地碳管理网络的模糊优化模型

摘要

生物炭应用和增强风化是负排放技术 (NET)，具有大规模部署从大气中去除 CO ₂的潜力。生物炭是一种热解的固体产物，由于其化学顽固性，当应用于土壤时可以永久储存碳。增强的风化基于加速水分、CO ₂的自然反应, 和碱性矿物质。这两种 NET 都依赖于将粉状材料应用于不同类型的陆地汇，其中可能包括边缘土地和农业土地。这两个 NET 可以单独或同时使用，具体取决于当地的汇条件。在某些情况下，同时向土壤中施用生物炭和矿粉具有获得土壤改良的额外有益效果的优势。尽管最近的论文报道了基于生物炭应用或增强风化作用优化碳管理网络的过程集成模型的开发，但没有报道将这两种 NET 集成到同一系统中的模型。为了弥补这一差距，开发了一种模糊混合整数线性规划模型，该模型将生物炭应用和增强风化作用相结合，以实现大规模碳封存。模糊集理论为将主观性和不确定性整合到数学规划中提供了一个经过良好测试的框架。该模型确定了生物炭和/或碱性矿物质从每个来源到每个汇的最佳分配，同时考虑了应用限制和 CO₂封存潜力。解决了一个说明性案例研究，清楚地展示了该模型的应用。案例研究显示了有趣的结果，可以指导如何在碳管理网络中利用这两种技术的全部可持续潜力。

图形摘要