Barranco León (Orce, Andalusia, Spain) provides the oldest case of knapping and percussive activities on an ancient raw material reservoir deposit. This site has already proven to be one of the oldest and most significant Oldowan open-air sites in Europe (1.4 Ma), with an exceptionally rich flint and limestone lithic assemblage, in association with large and small faunal remains, including a tooth fragment attributed to Homo sp. All of these finds have been discovered after years of excavations from a clear stratigraphic succession, complimented by multidisciplinary analyses of environmental proxies. The analysis of the entire lithic collection presented here describes a tool kit composed of cores flakes and debris, hammerstones, and other macro-tools like heavy-duty scrapers and sub-spheroidal morphologies. This paper combines geological and sedimentological data with archeology, providing a new interpretation of site formation processes and how they shaped hominin activities at Barranco León. We examine the dynamics forming the depositional sequence and document taphonomic alterations of the archeological finds, while also analyzing their distribution over the excavation area. This information is key to understanding the nature of post-depositional phenomena and to evaluate primary versus secondary deposition. The positioning of the refitting items in the site highlights in situ action, reaffirming the importance of the Barranco León site as a raw material repository. The observation of a refitted lithic set provides information about knapping strategies and hominin behavior in this European Oldowan site.

Barranco León（西班牙安达卢西亚的奥尔塞）提供了一个古老的原材料储层上最古老的敲击和撞击活动案例。该遗址已被证明是欧洲最古老和最重要的奥尔多瓦露天遗址之一（1.4 Ma），拥有异常丰富的燧石和石灰石岩屑组合，以及大小不一的动物遗骸，包括一个牙齿碎片对人sp. 所有这些发现都是经过多年从清晰的地层序列中挖掘出来的，并得到了对环境代理的多学科分析的称赞。此处介绍的整个石器收藏的分析描述了一个由核心薄片和碎片、锤石和其他宏观工具（如重型刮刀和亚球体形态）组成的工具包。本文将地质和沉积学数据与考古学相结合，对遗址形成过程及其如何塑造巴兰科莱昂的人类活动提供了新的解释。我们研究了形成沉积序列的动力学，并记录了考古发现的地埋变化，同时还分析了它们在挖掘区域的分布。此信息是了解沉积后现象的性质以及评估初级与次级沉积的关键。场地中改装项目的定位突出了现场行动，重申了巴兰科莱昂场地作为原材料储存库的重要性。对改装过的石器集的观察提供了关于这个欧洲奥尔多温遗址的敲击策略和人类行为的信息。