The spike attack is one of the most important skills in beach volleyball, and as an overarm movement, places significant load on the shoulder joint that could lead to increased risk of injury. An analysis of the different techniques used by elite athletes could provide important insights regarding the etiology of these injuries. This study aimed to assess the spike attack arm swing techniques of Olympics and World Championships (1996-2019) beach volleyball winners and to investigate possible gender differences. Twenty-five male and twenty female winners were assessed on video recordings from eighteen competitions. The different arm swing techniques in the cocking phase (Straight, Bow-and-arrow high, Bow-and-arrow low, Snap, and Circular) were classified by two experts. Intra-rater reliability of both experts (κ = 1.000, P < .001 and κ = .969, P < .001 respectively) and inter-rater reliability (κ = .969, P < .001), assessed by Cohen’s Kappa, were almost perfect. There were significant gender differences in arm swing techniques (P < .001) with a large size effect (Cramer’s V = .650). The most frequent technique for men was the Bow-and-arrow low (56%) followed by Circular (24%) and Bow-and-arrow high (20%), while for women were the Bow-and-arrow high (30%) and Snap (30%), followed by Bow-and-arrow low (25%) and Straight (15%). The results showed a great variation in arm swing techniques even among world class beach volleyball players as well as significant gender differences, and could allow us to develop interesting hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that could lead to shoulder overuse injuries.

扣球攻击是沙滩排球中最重要的技能之一，作为一种上臂运动，会给肩关节施加很大的负荷，可能会增加受伤的风险。对精英运动员使用的不同技术的分析可以提供有关这些损伤病因的重要见解。本研究旨在评估奥运会和世界锦标赛（1996-2019 年）沙滩排球冠军的扣球攻击手臂摆动技术，并调查可能存在的性别差异。25 名男性和 20 名女性获胜者通过来自 18 场比赛的录像进行评估。翘起阶段的不同摆臂技术（直线、弓箭高、弓箭低、卡扣和圆形）由两位专家分类。两位专家的评分者内信度 (κ = 1.000, Cohen 的 Kappa 评估的P < .001 和 κ = .969， 分别为P < .001）和评分者间可靠性（κ = .969，P < .001）几乎是完美的。手臂摆动技术存在显着的性别差异（P < .001) 具有大尺寸效应（Cramer's V = .650）。男性最常用的技术是弓箭低位 (56%)，其次是圆形 (24%) 和弓箭高位 (20%)，而女性则是弓箭高位 (30 %) 和 Snap (30%)，其次是弓箭低 (25%) 和直 (15%)。结果表明，即使在世界一流的沙滩排球运动员中，手臂摆动技术也存在很大差异，并且存在显着的性别差异，并且可以让我们对可能导致肩部过度使用损伤的机制提出有趣的假设。