Rewarding someone who defends the victim of an unjust aggression and punishing someone who chose not to defend her may be very important acts of reciprocation in social life. This study investigates whether 21-month-olds have some expectations concerning such punishing and rewarding actions. Infants were shown simple puppet shows and were tested using the violation-of-expectation paradigm. In Experiment 1, we found that infants looked longer when they saw a bystander puppet punishing the puppet who defended the victim rather than the puppet who did not defend her. This pattern of looking times was reversed when the punishing action was replaced with a rewarding action (Experiment 2). These findings reveal early-emerging expectations about punitive and reward motivations in third-party contexts, and provide some support for theoretical claims about the hardwiring of the human mind for cooperation and prosociality.

中文翻译：

---

幼儿在侵略行为后对第三方惩罚和奖励的期望

奖励为不公正侵略的受害者辩护的人并惩罚选择不为她辩护的人可能是社会生活中非常重要的对等行为。这项研究调查了 21 个月大的孩子是否对这种惩罚和奖励行为有一些期望。向婴儿展示简单的木偶戏，并使用违反预期范式进行测试。在实验 1 中，我们发现当婴儿看到旁观者木偶惩罚保护受害者的木偶而不是不保护她的木偶时，婴儿看起来更长。当惩罚动作被奖励动作取代时，这种观看时间的模式被逆转（实验 2）。这些发现揭示了对第三方环境中惩罚和奖励动机的早期期望，