Phenological shifts associated with climate and environmental change are evident in temperate forests. Further dense and comprehensive observations are necessary to understand the species-specific and regional variation in the responses of plant phenology to climate change. This study first introduces the national-scale phenology network (NPN) over South Korea. By having newly established phenology datasets for the period 2009–2018, we analyze spatial and temporal variations of phenology of 21 deciduous species in spring and autumn as well as 4 evergreen species in spring. For deciduous species, the phenological responses are examined using the dates of budburst, leaf unfolding, leaf coloring, and leaf fall, whereas the times of pollen start and pollen peak are adopted to investigate the responses of evergreen species. The average dates of budburst and leaf unfolding are changed by -1.1 and − 1.3 day/year, respectively, in agreement with the observed trends in temperature. The pollen activity (start and peak) of evergreen species is significantly advanced by 1.4 day/year throughout Korea, suggesting apparent phenological response of evergreen species to the warming. Especially, the shrub had up to 45 % larger temperature sensitivity than the subtree or tree in spring. By contrast, changes in the autumn phenology of deciduous species are not evident because of the large interannual variability in the dates of leaf coloring and leaf fall. Then, the large interannual variation in autumn phenology could constrain the interannual variability in the length of the growing season of temperate forest. We further expect on-going efforts on national-scale phenology monitoring will have an important contribution to understanding vegetation growing season changes related to warming.

与气候和环境变化相关的物候变化在温带森林中很明显。为了了解植物物候对气候变化的响应中的物种特异性和区域变化，需要进一步密集和全面的观察。本研究首先介绍了韩国的国家尺度物候网络 (NPN)。通过新建立的 2009-2018 年物候数据集，我们分析了春季和秋季 21 种落叶植物以及春季 4 种常绿植物物候的时空变化。对于落叶树种，利用萌芽、展开叶、叶着色和落叶的日期来检查物候响应，而利用花粉开始时间和花粉高峰时间来研究常绿树种的响应。与观察到的温度趋势一致，萌芽和叶片展开的平均日期分别变化 -1.1 和 -1.3 天/年。韩国常绿物种的花粉活动（开始和峰值）显着提前 1.4 天/年，表明常绿物种对变暖有明显的物候响应。特别是，灌木在春季的温度敏感性比子树或乔木高 45%。相比之下，落叶树种秋季物候的变化并不明显，因为叶着色和落叶日期的年际变化很大。然后，秋季物候的年际变化可能会限制温带森林生长季节长度的年际变化。