ABSTRACT

The Russian peasant commune was an obstacle to the development of productive rural forces. According to Boris N. Chicherin, this problem should have resolved naturally and without any specific state measures, including resettlement policy, and at the peasants’ expense. Chicherin proposed resolving the labor question by encouraging workers to create mutual aid funds, charity, and private foundations. It turns out that the Russian philosopher was not sufficiently aware of the problem of the growth of and reasons for the labor movement in the Russian empire. Similarly, Chicherin suggested an ethical approach to the national question, primarily in relation to the Polish, Finnish, and Jewish peoples. He believed the inhabitants of a particular region should decide for themselves which state to consider their homeland. The Polish people deserved to be granted their freedom. As for the Jewish people, Chicherin proposed abolishing all discriminatory norms and practices, granting them all civil rights, and countering manifestations of anti-Semitism by the public and the state. Chicherin considered the question of Finland’s status within the Russian Empire one of allowing the region the highest possible autonomy. Based on the detailed analysis of the thinker’s ideas and theories, the article concludes that though we can recognize Chicherin’s approach to solving the national question as successful, his solutions to agrarian and labor problems would only have aggravated the situation.

摘要

俄国农民公社是农村生产力发展的障碍。在鲍里斯·N·奇切林看来，这个问题应该是自然解决的，不需要任何具体的国家措施，包括安置政策，并以农民为代价。奇切林提议通过鼓励工人创建互助基金、慈善机构和私人基金会来解决劳工问题。事实证明，这位俄罗斯哲学家并没有充分意识到俄罗斯帝国工人运动的发展问题和原因。同样，奇切林提出了一种解决民族问题的伦理方法，主要涉及波兰、芬兰和犹太人。他认为特定地区的居民应该自己决定在哪个州考虑他们的家园。波兰人民理应获得自由。至于犹太人，奇切林提议废除一切歧视性的规范和做法，赋予他们所有的公民权利，并反对公众和国家的反犹太主义表现。奇切林认为芬兰在俄罗斯帝国内的地位问题是允许该地区享有最高自治权的问题之一。基于对这位思想家思想和理论的详细分析，文章得出的结论是，虽然我们可以承认奇切林解决民族问题的方法是成功的，但他对土地和劳工问题的解决只会使情况更加恶化。反对公众和国家的反犹太主义表现。奇切林认为芬兰在俄罗斯帝国内的地位问题是允许该地区享有最高自治权的问题之一。基于对这位思想家思想和理论的详细分析，文章得出的结论是，虽然我们可以承认奇切林解决民族问题的方法是成功的，但他对土地和劳工问题的解决只会使情况更加恶化。反对公众和国家的反犹太主义表现。奇切林认为芬兰在俄罗斯帝国内的地位问题是允许该地区享有最高自治权的问题之一。基于对这位思想家思想和理论的详细分析，文章得出的结论是，虽然我们可以承认奇切林解决民族问题的方法是成功的，但他对土地和劳工问题的解决只会使情况更加恶化。