Western agricultural practices for crop protection are still heavily dependent on pesticides, even though they cause major human health and environmental hazards. In France, public incentives for pesticide reduction have failed to achieve their goal, and agroecological practices are still seldom implemented. In this study, we hypothesized that a systemic analysis of the determinants of current farming practices could serve to characterize (i) the impediments to change in farming practices; (ii) the resources supporting the change; (iii) the underpinning sociotechnical processes; (iv) the stakeholders’ involvement; and (v) levers to facilitate agroecological transition. We therefore designed the first analytical framework that supports a systemic, multi-level (field, farm, territorial, and supra-territorial), multi-actor (including private actors and policymakers), and transformation-oriented analysis of the determinants of farming practices. We applied this analytical framework to the management of root-knot nematodes in sheltered vegetable systems in south-eastern France, jointly analyzing conventional and organic systems. We conducted this comprehensive analysis based on complementary data collection methods: interviews with stakeholders, analysis of written material, participant observation, and participatory workshops. We show that strongly interconnected determinants of farming practices fostered drastic soil disinfection and locked out agroecological soil health technology (e.g., product quality and economic constraints from marketing firms and from regulations; lack of knowledge; unavailability of agroecological inputs). However, this sociotechnical lock-in was being undermined by societal pressures and increasing actions of the stakeholders in favor of the agroecology paradigm. On the other hand, the conventionalization process of the organic regime was simultaneously threatening the further development of agroecological practices. Finally, this analysis revealed levers that could be used to support innovation design and enable changes in farming practices toward agroecology (e.g., facilitate access to agroecological inputs, develop multi-stakeholder platforms). The framework, successfully applied to the Provençal vegetable sector, could be used in other production and territorial contexts.

西方的作物保护农业实践仍然严重依赖农药，即使它们对人类健康和环境造成重大危害。在法国，减少农药的公共激励措施未能实现其目标，农业生态实践仍然很少实施。在这项研究中，我们假设对当前农业实践的决定因素进行系统分析可以用来描述 (i) 改变农业实践的障碍；(ii) 支持变更的资源；(iii) 支撑社会技术过程；(iv) 利益相关者的参与；(v) 促进农业生态转型的杠杆。因此，我们设计了第一个支持系统性、多层次（田地、农场、领土和超领土）的分析框架，多参与者（包括私人参与者和政策制定者）​​，以及对农业实践决定因素的面向转型的分析。我们将此分析框架应用于法国东南部避风蔬菜系统中根结线虫的管理，共同分析传统系统和有机系统。我们基于互补的数据收集方法进行了这项综合分析：与利益相关者的访谈、书面材料的分析、参与式观察和参与式研讨会。我们表明，农业实践的强烈相互关联的决定因素促成了剧烈的土壤消毒，并排除了农业生态土壤健康技术（例如，营销公司和法规对产品质量和经济的限制；缺乏知识；农业生态投入的不可用）。然而，这种社会技术锁定正在受到社会压力和利益相关者越来越多的支持生态农业范式的行动的破坏。另一方面，有机制度的常规化过程同时威胁着农业生态实践的进一步发展。. 最后，该分析揭示了可用于支持创新设计和推动农业实践向生态农业转变的杠杆（例如，促进获得农业生态投入，开发多利益相关方平台）。该框架已成功应用于普罗旺斯蔬菜部门，可用于其他生产和地域环境。