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Managing sustainability risks of bioenergy in four Nordic countries
Energy, Sustainability and Society ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-07 , DOI: 10.1186/s13705-021-00290-9
Anders Chr. Hansen , Nicholas Clarke , Atle Wehn Hegnes

Bioenergy plays a key role in the transition to a sustainable economy in Europe, but its own sustainability is being questioned. We study the experiences of Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway, to find out whether the forest-based bioenergy chains developed in the four countries have led to unsustainable outcomes and how the countries manage the sustainability risks. Data were collected from a diversity of sources including interviews, statistical databases, the scientific literature, government planning documents and legislation. Sustainability risks of deforestation, degradation of forests, reduced carbon pools in forests, expensive biopower and heat, resource competition, and lack of acceptance at the local level are considered. The experience of the four countries shows that the sustainability risks can to a high degree be managed with voluntary measures without resorting to prescriptive measures. It is possible to add to the carbon pools of forests along with higher harvest volumes if the risks are well managed. There is, however, a marginal trade-off between harvest volume and carbon pools. Economic sustainability risks may be more challenging than ecological risks because the competitiveness order of renewable energy technologies has been reversed in the last decade. The risk of resource competition harming other sectors in the economy was found to be small and manageable but requires continuous monitoring. Local communities acting as bioenergy communities have been agents of change behind the most expansive bioenergy chains. A fear of non-local actors reaping the economic gains involved in bioenergy chains was found to be one of the risks to the trust and acceptance necessary for local communities to act as bioenergy communities. The Nordic experience shows that it has been possible to manage the sustainability risks examined in this paper to an extent avoiding unsustainable outcomes. Sustainability risks have been managed by developing an institutional framework involving laws, regulations, standards and community commitments. Particularly on the local level, bioenergy chains should be developed with stakeholder involvement in development and use, in order to safeguard the legitimacy of bioenergy development and reconcile tensions between the global quest for a climate neutral economy and the local quest for an economically viable community.

中文翻译:

在四个北欧国家管理生物能源的可持续性风险

生物能源在欧洲向可持续经济转型中发挥着关键作用,但其自身的可持续性受到质疑。我们研究了瑞典、芬兰、丹麦和挪威的经验,以了解这四个国家开发的以森林为基础的生物能源链是否导致了不可持续的结果,以及这些国家如何管理可持续性风险。数据收集自多种来源,包括访谈、统计数据库、科学文献、政府规划文件和立法。森林砍伐、森林退化、森林碳库减少、昂贵的生物能源和热量、资源竞争以及当地缺乏接受度等可持续性风险都被考虑在内。这四个国家的经验表明,可持续风险可以通过自愿措施得到高度管理,而无需采取规定性措施。如果风险得到妥善管理,就有可能增加森林的碳库并增加采伐量。然而,在收获量和碳库之间存在边际权衡。经济可持续性风险可能比生态风险更具挑战性,因为可再生能源技术的竞争力顺序在过去十年中发生了逆转。资源竞争损害经济中其他部门的风险很小且可控,但需要持续监测。作为生物能源社区的当地社区一直是最广泛的生物能源链背后的变革推动者。人们发现,担心非本地行为者获得生物能源链所涉及的经济收益是当地社区作为生物能源社区所必需的信任和接受的风险之一。北欧的经验表明,可以在一定程度上管理本文中研究的可持续性风险,避免出现不可持续的结果。通过制定涉及法律、法规、标准和社区承诺的制度框架来管理可持续性风险。特别是在地方层面,应在利益相关者参与开发和使用的情况下开发生物能源链,以维护生物能源开发的合法性,并调和全球对气候中性经济的追求与当地对经济上可行的社区的追求之间的紧张关系。
更新日期:2021-06-07
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