The environmental safety profile of glyphosate, the most commonly used herbicide worldwide, is still a subject of debate and little is known about the generational toxicity of this active substance (AS) and the associated commercial formulations called ”glyphosate-based herbicides” (GBHs). This study investigated the impact of parental and direct exposure to 1$\mu$gL${}^{-1}$ of glyphosate using the AS alone or one of two GBH formulations (i.e. Roundup Innovert® and Viaglif Jardin®) in the early developmental stages of rainbow trout. Three different modes of exposure on the F1 generation were studied: (1) intergenerational (i.e. fish only exposed through their parents); (2) direct (i.e. fish exposed only directly) and (3) multigenerational (i.e. fish both exposed intergenerationally and directly). The impact of chemical treatments on embryo-larval development (survival, biometry and malformations), swimming behaviour, biochemical markers of oxidative stress equilibrium (TBARS and catalase), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and energy metabolism (citrate synthase, CS; cytochrome-c oxidase, CCO; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH) was explored. Chemical exposure did not affect the survival of F1 embryos or malformation rates. Direct exposure to the AS induced some biometric changes, such as reduction in head size (with a 10% decrease in head length), independently of co-formulants. Intergenerational exposure to the AS or the Roundup GBH increased swimming activity of the larvae, with increase of between 78 and 102% in travel speeds. Viaglif co-formulants appear to have counteracted this behavioural change. The minor changes detected in the assayed biochemical markers suggested that observed effects were not due to oxidative damage, AChE inhibition or alterations to energy metabolism. Nonetheless, multi- and intergenerational exposure to Roundup increased CS:CCO and LDH:CS ratios by 46% and 9%, respectively, with a potential modification of the aerobic-to-anaerobic energy production balance. These biochemical effects were not correlated with those observed on individual level of biological organization. Therefore, further studies on generational toxicity of glyphosate and its co-formulants are needed to identify the other mechanisms of glyphosate toxicity at the cellular level.

草甘膦是世界上最常用的除草剂，其环境安全性仍然是一个有争议的话题，人们对这种活性物质 (AS) 的世代毒性和称为“草甘膦基除草剂”(GBH) 的相关商业配方知之甚少。 . 本研究调查了父母和直接接触 1$\mu$升${}^{-1}$在虹鳟鱼的早期发育阶段，单独使用 AS 或两种 GBH 制剂之一（即 Roundup Innovert® 和 Viaglif Jardin®）的草甘膦。研究了 F1 代的三种不同暴露模式： (1) 代际（即鱼仅通过其父母暴露）；(2) 直接（即鱼只直接暴露）和（3）多代（即鱼在代际和直接暴露）。化学处理对胚胎幼虫发育（存活、生物特征和畸形）、游泳行为、氧化应激平衡的生化标志物（TBARS 和过氧化氢酶）、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 和能量代谢（柠檬酸合酶，CS；细胞色素-c）的影响氧化酶，CCO；乳酸脱氢酶，LDH；葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶，G6PDH）。化学暴露不影响 F1 胚胎的存活或畸形率。直接暴露于 AS 会引起一些生物特征变化，例如头部尺寸的减小（头部长度减少 10%），与辅料无关。代际接触 AS 或农达 GBH 增加了幼虫的游泳活动，旅行速度增加了 78% 到 102%。Viaglif 辅助制剂似乎抵消了这种行为变化。在测定的生化标记中检测到的微小变化表明观察到的影响不是由于氧化损伤、AChE 抑制或能量代谢的改变。尽管如此，多代和代际接触农达使 CS:CCO 和 LDH:CS 比率分别增加了 46% 和 9%，有氧-无氧能量生产平衡的潜在改变。这些生化效应与在个体生物组织水平上观察到的效应无关。因此，需要进一步研究草甘膦及其辅助制剂的世代毒性，以在细胞水平上确定草甘膦毒性的其他机制。