Blockchain is among the most promising new technologies due to its unique features, encompassing security, privacy, data integrity, and immutability. Blockchain applications include cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Recently, many other applications have begun to deploy blockchain in their systems. These applications include internet of things (IoT) environments. Although deploying blockchain in IoT architecture has yielded numerous advantages, issues and challenges have arisen that require further research. Most IoT devices and platforms have limited storage capacity, low battery power, and limited hardware resources for computation and network communication. Thus, energy efficiency is a critical factor in these devices. On the other hand, blockchain requires extensive resources and high computational capabilities for mining and communication processes. Balancing computation complexity and IoT resources is a fundamental design challenge in implementing blockchain functions, including the hash function, which is crucial to blockchain design for the mining process. In this study, we present a literature review on the common hash functions used in blockchain-based applications, in addition to the lightweight hash functions available in literature. We evaluate and test the common lightweight hash functions (SPONGENT, PHOTON, and QUARK) on FPGA platforms to determine which is most suitable for blockchain-IoT devices. Moreover, we assess lightweight hash functions in terms of area, power, energy, security, and throughput. The results show tradeoffs between these hash functions. SPONGENT performs best on security and throughput. QUARK consumes the least power and energy but has the lowest security parameters. PHOTON utilizes less area and offers a balance between multiple performance metrics (area, energy, and security), rendering it the most suitable lightweight hash function.

区块链因其独特的功能而成为最有前途的新技术之一，包括安全性、隐私性、数据完整性和不变性。区块链应用包括比特币等加密货币。最近，许多其他应用程序已开始在其系统中部署区块链。这些应用包括物联网 (IoT) 环境。尽管在物联网架构中部署区块链已经产生了许多优势，但也出现了需要进一步研究的问题和挑战。大多数物联网设备和平台的存储容量有限，电池电量低，用于计算和网络通信的硬件资源有限。因此，能源效率是这些设备的关键因素。另一方面，区块链需要大量资源和高计算能力来进行挖掘和通信过程。平衡计算复杂性和物联网资源是实现区块链功能的基本设计挑战，包括哈希函数，这对于挖掘过程的区块链设计至关重要。在这项研究中，除了文献中可用的轻量级哈希函数之外，我们还对基于区块链的应用程序中使用的常见哈希函数进行了文献综述。我们在 FPGA 平台上评估和测试常见的轻量级哈希函数（SPONGENT、PHOTON 和 QUARK），以确定哪个最适合区块链物联网设备。此外，我们在面积、功率、能源、安全性和吞吐量方面评估轻量级哈希函数。结果显示了这些散列函数之间的权衡。SPONGENT 在安全性和吞吐量方面表现最佳。QUARK 消耗最少的功率和能量，但具有最低的安全参数。PHOTON 占用更少的面积，并在多个性能指标（面积、能量和安全性）之间取得平衡，使其成为最合适的轻量级哈希函数。